Abstract
Recent advances in the maritime industry include research and development of new sophisticated ships with a number of smart functionalities and enhanced autonomy. The new functions and autonomy levels though come at the cost of increased connectivity. This results in increased ship vulnerability to cyber-attacks, which may lead to financial loss, environmental pollution, safety accidents. The aim of this study is to propose a novel method for cybersecurity risk assessment of ship systems. In this novel method, the Cyber-Preliminary Hazard Analysis method steps are enriched with new steps supporting the identification of cyber-attack scenarios and the risk assessment implementation. The proposed method is applied for the cyber-risk assessment and design enhancement of the navigation and propulsion systems of an inland waterways autonomous vessel. The results demonstrate that several critical scenarios can arise on the investigated autonomous vessel due to known vulnerabilities. These can be sufficiently controlled by introducing appropriate modifications to the systems design.
Highlights
IntroductionCyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) represent a class of systems consisting of software and hardware components, which are used to control physical processes (Gunes et al, 2014)
The aim of this study is to develop a novel method for conducting the risk assessment for cyber-attacks for ship systems including autonomous ships, which addresses the limitations of previous methods/approaches
This study aimed at developing a novel cyber risk assessment method for ship systems
Summary
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) represent a class of systems consisting of software and hardware components, which are used to control physical processes (Gunes et al, 2014). CPSs have been advancing in a number of application areas, including the maritime industry (DNV GL, 2015). CPSs are expected to increase the productivity and safety levels by removing, substituting and/or supporting the operator in the decision-making process, reducing the number of human errors leading to accidents. Typical examples of the existing marine CPSs include the Diesel-Electric Propulsion plant, the Safety Monitoring and Control System, the Dynamic Positioning System as well as the Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning systems (DNV GL, 2015). The number of the CPSs is expected to increase in autonomous ships, which are considered to be the ultimate marine CPS
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