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Abstract
The untreated effluents discharged by different industries, such as metallurgy, fertilizers, pesticide, leather, mining, electroplating, surface finishing, aerospace, and electroplating, have increased the risk of the contamination of bodies of water by heavy metals. Herein, hybrid biosorbent–nanofiltration processes for Pb(II) removal from wastewater was studied. The hybrid biosorbent was prepared from date seed waste and Ganoderma lucidum. Hybrid biosorbent characterization was performed by SEM and FTIR. SEM micrographs showed that the HB surface is irregular. For the adsorption studies, various sorption parameters were optimized. The maximum biosorption capacity of immobilized heat-inactivated hybrid biosorbent was 365.9 mg/g, with the Langmuir isotherm model to present the best fit. Desorption experiments were conducted for regenerating immobilized heat-inactivated hybrid biosorbent for three consecutive cycles using different desorption agents, with acetic acid to be the optimum. Going a step further, nanofiltration was also applied as a post-treatment process to elevate the remediation effectiveness for wastewater of high Pb(II) initial concentrations. The reasonably low cost and high removal of Pb(II) make hybrid biosorbent–nanofiltration processes a prosperous and potentially attractive hybrid approach against heavy-metal-polluted wastewater.
Highlights
IntroductionStrict environmental rules are developed in many countries [1]
For wastewater management, strict environmental rules are developed in many countries [1]
Micrograph of hybrid biosorbent (HB) is shown in (Figure 2a), where all the morphological characteristics were taken at 5000× magnification
Summary
Strict environmental rules are developed in many countries [1]. Among the plethora of potential pollutants that wastewaters can contain, toxic heavy metals (HMs) are assumed to be major pollutants due to their existence in ground, marine, industrial, and even treated wastewater in low concentrations [2,3]. Heavy metal ions in wastewater must be regulated and their concentration retained at lower than established values. Being non-biodegradable, inorganic heavy metal ions cause health risks to living biota even at low concentrations [4]. Due to their accumulation tendency and persistence, heavy metals lead to toxicity and complications in living organisms and environments. The maximum allowable level of lead is 15 μg/L according to EPA [5]
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