Abstract
A novel multiparametric biosensor system based on living cells will be presented. The biosensor system includes two biosensing techniques on a single device: resonant frequency measurements and electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). The multiparametric sensor system is based on the innovative use of the upper electrode of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) resonator as working electrode for the ECIS technique. The QCM acoustic wave sensor consists of a thin AT-cut quartz substrate with two gold electrodes on opposite sides. For integration of the QCM with the ECIS technique a semicircular counter electrode was fabricated near the upper electrode on the same side of the quartz crystal. Bovine aortic endothelial live cells (BAECs) were successfully cultured on this hybrid biosensor. Finite element modeling of the bulk acoustic wave resonator using COMSOL simulations was performed. Simultaneous gravimetric and impedimetric measurements performed over a period of time on the same cell culture were conducted to validate the device's sensitivity. The time necessary for the BAEC cells to attach and form a compact monolayer on the biosensor was 35∼45 minutes for 1.5 × 104 cells/cm2 BAECs; 60 minutes for 2.0 × 104 cells/cm2 BAECs; 70 minutes for 3.0 × 104 cells/cm2 BAECs; and 100 minutes for 5.0 × 104 cells/cm2 BAECs. It was demonstrated that this time is the same for both gravimetric and impedimetric measurements. This hybrid biosensor will be employed in the future for water toxicity detection.
Highlights
Cell-based biosensor systems that incorporate whole cells have the capacity to respond to a wide range of analytes in a physiologically relevant manner [1]
Experiments were conducted in the presence and absence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the results showed specific interactions between BSA and copper
Supported lipid bilayers were assembled on the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) upper electrode and the formation of pores from membrane-inserting peptides was observed with both techniques: mass variations and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements
Summary
Cell-based biosensor systems that incorporate whole cells have the capacity to respond to a wide range of analytes in a physiologically relevant manner [1]. Variations such as mass loading or viscosity, that occurs in the propagation path of the acoustic waves, cause their velocity and amplitude to change [7] These acoustic wave sensors could be employed to monitor physiological changes in reporter cells exposed to a wide range of analytes. Supported lipid bilayers were assembled on the QCM upper electrode and the formation of pores from membrane-inserting peptides was observed with both techniques: mass variations and EIS measurements. The innovative aspects of the presented research are: (1) the fabrication of a counter ECIS electrode with miniature dimensions on the quartz substrate on the same side with the QCM working electrode and (2) the combination of QCM and ECIS is used for the first time to study live mammalian cells. BAEC cells (VEC Technology) can be cultured on the hybrid sensor and precise electric measurements could be recorded
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