A novel biological role of tachykinins as an upregulator of oocyte growth: evolutionary origin of tachykinergic functions in the ovary

Abstract

Tachykinins (TKs) and their receptors have been shown to be expressed in the mammalian ovary. However, the biological roles of ovarian TKs have yet to be verified. Ci‐TK‐I and Ci‐TK‐R, characterized from the protochordate (ascidian), Ciona intestinalis, are prototypes of vertebrate TKs and their receptors. We show a novel biological function of TKs as an inducible factor for oocyte growth using C. intestinalis as a model organism. Immunostaining demonstrated the specific expression of Ci‐TK‐R in test cells residing in oocytes at the vitellogenic stage. DNA microarray and real‐time PCR revealed that Ci‐TK‐I induced gene expression of several proteases including cathepsin D, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase B1 in the ovary. The enzymatic activities of these proteases in the ovary were also shown to be enhanced by Ci‐TK‐I. Of particular significance is that the treatment of Ciona oocytes with Ci‐TK‐I resulted in progression of growth from the vitellogenic stage to the postvitellogenic stage. The Ci‐TK‐I‐induced oocyte growth was blocked by a TK antagonist or by protease inhibitors. These results led to the conclusion that Ci‐TK‐I enhances growth of the vitellogenic oocytes via upregulation of gene expression and enzymatic activities of the proteases. This is the first clarification of the biological roles of TKs in the ovary and the underlying essential molecular mechanism.