Abstract
Shale gas fracturing flowback fluid (FFBF) is a hazardous waste with high biological toxicity, which is difficult to recycle and particularly harmful to the environment. The mainstream research aims to reduce the biological toxicity of FFBF. However, innovative methods to reduce FFBF's biological toxicity and simultaneously achieve resource utilization are scarce. In this study, we reduced FFBF's biotoxicity for the first time by removing Ba2+ ion and simultaneously recovering high-value nano-BaSO4 through a liquid-liquid two-phase co-precipitation reaction. The results showed that the removal rate of Ba2+ reached 93%, and the recovery rate of nano-BaSO4 from FFBF reached 91%. The value of the recovered nano-BaSO4 similar to the commercial nano-BaSO4 was confirmed via characterizing the physicochemical properties. The effect of reducing toxicity by analyzing changes in duckweed's physical chemistry, key genes, metabolome, and transcriptome. We found that duckweed mortality in a 100% concentration test solution after nano-BaSO4 recovery was reduced to 66.32% compared to 100% before recovery. The chlorophyll a and b contents were significantly improved, and NH3–N and Tot-P absorption increased after nano-BaSO4 recovery. We also analyzed key genes associated with carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism by comparing before and after nano-BaSO4 recovery. Results showed significant changes in some key genes after nano-BaSO4 recovery. Additionally, secondary metabolite accumulation were also analyzed. The results showed that the metabolic composition was significantly different after recovering nano-BaSO4. These results indicate that the toxicity of FFBF can be reduced not only by removing Ba2+ ion but also by achieving resource utilization through recycling nano-BaSO4. Therefore, this study provides a potential new method for decreasing FFBF toxicity and a means to generate new value from FFBF.
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