A novel approach to identifying PST tolerant copepods: An individual ingestion assay

Abstract

Phenotypic tolerance of individual copepods to paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), as determined by fecundity, has recently been reported. In the present study, we tested whether similar phenotypic tolerance related to ingestion also exists. In short-term feeding assays, ingestion rates of individual females of the copepod Acartia hudsonica were measured on a sole diet of toxic Alexandrium fundyense as well as on a sole diet of nontoxic Alexandrium tamarense. When copepods fed on A. fundyense, the frequency distribution of ingestion rates was polymodal, consistent with the hypothesis of levels of phenotypic tolerance associated with toxin ingestion. Four distinct groups of ingestion rates on toxic algae were observed. Mean rates ranged from near zero to more than 100 cells copepod −1 h −1. In contrast, when the same individuals fed on the nontoxic A. tamarense diet, the polymodal distribution of ingestion rates was not apparent. Furthermore, group-specific mean ingestion rates, for two ingestion-defined groups, were always significantly greater on the toxic diet than they were on the nontoxic diet. These results support the hypothesis that discrete groups of grazer ingestion of toxic A. fundyense are related to PST tolerance.