Abstract
One of the biggest concerns associated with incorporating a large amount of renewable energy into power systems is the need to cope with significant ramps in renewable power output. Power system operators need to have statistical information on the power ramping features of renewable generation, load, and net-load that can be used to mitigate ramping events in the case of a large forecast error to ensure the power system's flexibility and reliability; on the other hand, for economic considerations. So far, there is no consensus on a precise definition for the ramp event and so far there are hardly any metrics describing the ramping features of a power system. The paper introduces new metrics describing the power ramping features in a power system. The new metrics are ramp regularity factor (RRF), ramp intensity factor (RIF), and maximum ramp ratio (MRR). In addition, the coefficient of variation (CV) is used to characterize the average value of power ramps. The new ramp metrics are applied to the output power of Belgium's aggregated wind farms in 2017 and 2018. The results obtained by comparing the two years demonstrate that the two years have the same ramping behavior, although the average installed wind capacity has been increased. The new metrics can also be applied to other renewable sources (PV, tidal power, etc.), load, and net-load at any stage of operation.
Highlights
The power systems are gradually increasing renewable generation (RG) as clean, plentiful, low-cost, and permanent sources of energy compared to fossil fuels
The ramp regularity factor for daily power ramps (RRFd): It is the ratio between the average and the maximum value of historical power ramps of the same type that occurred within the studied time interval (Δt) over a certain number of days, which can be expressed as follows: RRFd+/−
The increasing penetration level of variable renewable generation (VRG) has led to more netload fluctuations and ramp events, so it is desirable for the power system operators to gain a deeper understanding of the aggregated ramping behavior scale, as well as the periods where the collective ramp events are most likely to occur
Summary
M. Saber Eltohamy1, M. Said Abdel Moteleb2, Hossam Talaat3, S. Fouad Mekhemar4, Walid Omran5 1Department of Power Electronics and Energy Conversion, Electronics Research Institute (postgraduate student at Ain Shams University), Egypt 2Department of Power Electronics and Energy Conversion, Electronics Research Institute, Egypt 3,4Department of Electrical Engineering, Future University in Egypt, Egypt 5Department of Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering and Materials Science, German University in Article history: Received Jul 12, 2020 Revised May 27, 2021 Accepted June 12, 2021 Keywords: Power system flexibility Ramp definition Variable renewable generation Energy management Ramp metrics
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