Abstract
This work discusses the present-day limitations of current commercial Salmonella vaccines for broilers and layers and explores a novel approach towards poultry vaccination using biodegradable nanoparticle vaccines against Salmonella. With the increasing global population and poultry production and consumption, Salmonella is a potential health risk for humans. The oral administration of killed or inactivated vaccines would provide a better alternative to the currently commercially available Salmonella vaccines for poultry. However, there are currently no commercial oral killed-vaccines against Salmonella for use in broilers or layers. There is a need for novel and effective interventions in the poultry industry. Polymeric nanoparticles could give way to an effective mass-administered mucosal vaccination method for Salmonella. The scope of this work is limited to polymeric nanoparticles against Salmonella for use in broilers and layers. This review is based on the information available at the time of the investigation.
Highlights
These findings show that even though the development and study of the chitosan nanoparticle (CNP) vaccine are at their early stages and ongoing, a chitosan-based nanoparticle system is suitable for the oral delivery of Salmonella vaccine antigens to mitigate Salmonella in poultry
Nanoparticles have been studied in human medicine [134], cosmetics [135], and even in the food industry [136] due to their stability, immunomodulatory traits, and the flexibility of modifying their surface traits
The combination of both polymeric materials and nanoparticles gives many advantages over conventional vaccines and other types of nanoparticles, e.g., (1) they are non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable, (2) they are simple to synthesize and are required in fewer quantities during preparation, (3) they are resistant to enzymatic degradation, and (4) they have higher stability, and facilitate sustained antigen or drug release [136]
Summary
Salmonella primarily infects its host via the oral route; infection of Salmonella after exposure to “aerosolized Salmonella” has been demonstrated in chicks [21]; suggesting that airborne transmission might occur. Upon oral ingestion, Salmonella will survive passage through the low-pH conditions of the gut. As it reaches the small intestine, the Salmonella bacterium adheres to and invades the intestinal epithelial cells [27]. Macrophages within the underlying lymphoid tissue engulf Salmonella cells in an effort to eliminate the pathogen, yet are unable to kill them due to the ability of the bacteria to interfere with phagosome-lysosome fusion [29]. Other phagocytes, such as dendritic cells (DCs) and polymorphonuclear cells can phagocytose Salmonella.
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