A Novel Application in Green Chemical Processing Using Reject Brines and Carbon Dioxide as Raw Materials

Carbon Dioxide as Chemical Feedstock

This study conducted well-to-pump and well-to wheel life-cycle assessment of fossil energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during ethanol production from tropical Banagrass (Pennisetum purpureum) using green-processing (with the use of fresh feedstocks) and dry or conventional processing (with the use of dried feedstocks) in the state of Hawaii. 10 000 MJ of energy was used as a functional unit with a systematic boundary drawn based on relative mass, energy, and economic value method using a 1% cutoff value, and the results were compared to those of conventional gasoline, and ethanol from corn and other ethanol lignocellulosic feedstocks. Detailed techno-economic model was built using the SuperPro designer. Ethanol yields were estimated at 0.27 l/kg (green processing with fungal co-product), 0.27 l/kg (green processing without co-product), and 0.29 l/kg (dry-processing) of feedstock, respectively. The well-to-pump analysis indicate that ethanol production consume 8200 MJ (green processing with co-product), 7600 MJ (green-processing without co-product) and 7200 MJ (dry-processing without co-product) of fossil energy and emit approximately144 kg CO2-eq., 90.6 kg CO2-eq., and 59.1 kg CO2-eq. per 10 000 MJ of ethanol produced, respectively; well-to-wheel analysis showed that 280 g of gCO2-eq., 260 g CO2-eq., and 250 g CO2-eq. of emissions were produced per kilometer by driving Flex Fuel Vehicle. In summary, ethanol produced using the green-processing technology required greater amount of fossil energy and produced more GHG emissions compared to that of dry processing technology, due to additional energy needed for fungal growth and related processes. Process power, enzyme, and chemical production during ethanol processing were identified as emissions hot-spots for both green and dry processing.

The purpose of this research is to show the processing of surfactants from bagasse with the green chemical concept that is using vegetable raw materials. This is a laboratory research method, which synthesized become sodium ligno sulfonate (SLS) surfactant using two processes, hydrolisys and sulfonation with a green chemical process that is using microwave radiation (Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis / MAOS). In addition to performing functional group analysis, characterization was carried out by analyzing the structure of the lignin amination product by measuring 1H-NMR with the results of the formation of alkene groups, sulfonate groups and carboxylates. The Microwave-assisted Organic Synthesis (MAOS) method has succeeded in synthesizing contaminated and alkylated lignin derivative compounds from bagasse lignin and synthesizing lignosulfonicderivatives. Derivatives of lignosulfonate synthesized from bagasse can be done with a green chemical processes that are environmentally friendly. Impact of the reasearch is waste of the bagasse can be used as a product that has added value for the oil sector in Indonesia.

Chromium compounds are important basic chemicals essential to many industries. In the traditional process for manufacturing these compounds, the utilization efficiency of resources and energy is quite low. Large amounts of chromium‐containing toxic solid wastes and exhaust gas are discharged, resulting in serious pollution problems. A green manufacturing process of chromium compounds has been developed by the Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, China. With the design objective of eliminating pollution at the source, this green process achieves higher resource utilization efficiency and zero emissions of chromium‐containing waste residue by alteration of process chemistry, change of reactor and operation, regeneration and recycle of reaction media, and comprehensive use of resources. By use of the green process, a demonstration plant with an annual production capability of 10,000 tons has been built and operated in Henan Province, China. The green process exhibits a promising prospect for the industrial production of chromium compounds. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2004

This special issue contains peer-reviewed manuscripts presented at the 10th International Conference on CO2 Utilization (ICCDU-X), Tianijn, China, May 17-21, 2009. The guest editor is grateful to Tianjin University, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Catalysis Science & Technology, Agilent, Quantachrome, Frontier of Chemical Engineering in China and Energy & Environmental Science for their sponsorship. Carbon dioxide is the largest man-made greenhouse gas. The emission of carbon dioxide has led to a more and more serious global warming. How to deal with carbon dioxide is a significant challenge to governments, industries and societies worldwide. On the other hand, it has been well known that carbon dioxide is the largest carbon resource for various syntheses. The utilization or chemical fixation of carbon dioxide would be a final solution to the global carbon dioxide problem. This special issue focuses on the utilization of carbon dioxide with other related important aspects, like capture, separation and low-carbon emission options. Especially, several authors presented their new ideas for the first time in papers in this special issue. The guest editor believes that the papers presented here will be helpful for the future development of this truly international field. The guest editor thanks all the authors for their excellent contributions and also for their understanding and collaborations. The guest editor also acknowledges all the referees for their reviews that make this quality issue possible.

Enzymatic Synthesis of Pyruvic Acid and L-Lactic Acid from Carbon Dioxide

A major challenge facing sustainable seafood production is the voluminous amounts of nutrient-rich seafood side streams consisting of by-catch, processing discards, and process effluents. There is a lack of a comprehensive model for optimal valorization of the side streams. Upcoming green chemistry-based processing has the potential to recover diverse valuable compounds from seafood side streams in an ecofriendly manner. Microbial and enzymatic bioconversions form major green processes capable of releasing biomolecules from seafood matrices under mild conditions. Novel green solvents, because of their low toxicity and recyclable nature, can extract bioactive compounds. Nonthermal technologies such as ultrasound, supercritical fluid, and membrane filtration can complement green extractions. The extracted proteins, peptides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, chitin, chitosan, and others function as nutraceuticals, food supplements, additives, etc. Green processing can address environmental, economic, and technological challenges of valorization of seafood side streams, thereby supporting sustainable seafood production. Green processing can also encourage bioenergy production. Multiple green processes, integrated in a marine biorefinery, can optimize valorization on a zero-waste trade-off, for a circular blue economy. A green chemistry-based valorization framework has the potential to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations.

A unique liquid CO2 extraction laboratory developed for a greener organic teaching lab curriculum provides an effective, inexpensive, and convenient procedure for teaching natural products extraction concepts and techniques using modern green extraction technology. The procedure is appropriate for the teaching lab, does not require any special equipment, and allows the students to see the phase change and extraction as they occur. Students learn extraction and spectroscopic analysis skills, are exposed to a dramatic visual example of phase change, and are introduced to commercially successful green chemical processing with CO2.

Review: [108 refs.

As a renewable and abundant C1 resource possessing multiple attractive characteristics, such as low cost, nontoxicity, non-flammability, and easy accessibility, CO2 conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels can contribute to green chemistry and sustainable development. Since CO2 is a thermodynamically inert molecule, the activation of CO2 is pivotal for its effective conversion. In this regard, the formation of a transition-metal CO2 complex through direct coordination is one of the most powerful ways to induce the inert CO2 molecule to undergo chemical reactions. To date, numerous processes have been developed for efficient synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO2 . On the basis of mechanistic understanding, we have developed efficient metal catalysts and green processes, including heterogeneous catalysis, and metal-free systems, such as ionic liquids, for cyclic carbonate synthesis. The big challenge is to develop catalysts that promote the reaction under low pressure (preferably at 1 bar). In this context, bifunctional catalysis is capable of synergistic activation of both the substrate and CO2 molecule, and thus, could render CO2 conversion smoothly under mild conditions. Alternatively, converting CO2 derivatives, that is, the captured CO2 as an activated species, would more easily take place at low pressure in comparison with gaseous CO2 . The aim of this Personal Account is to summarize versatile catalytic processes for cyclic carbonate synthesis from CO2 , including epoxide/CO2 coupling reaction, carboxylation of 1,2-diol with CO2 , oxidative cyclization of olefins with CO2 , condensation of vicinal halohydrin with CO2 , carboxylative cyclization of propargyl alcohols with CO2 , and conversion of the CO2 derivatives.

Multi criteria decision analysis for screening carbon dioxide conversion products

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to investigate the influences of green product innovation and product process innovation on two constructs of green innovation casual chain: green product competitive advantage and green new product success. The impacts of green product competitive advantage as a partial mediator in the link between green product/process innovations and green new product success are also examined.Design/methodology/approachA model with four constructs is presented and tested on a sample of 203 R&D project leaders of electronics firms operating in China using quantitative methods.FindingsIt is found that green product and process innovations are positively associated with green product competitive advantage and green new product success, and green product competitive advantage partially mediates the relationships between green product/process innovations and green new product success. It is also found that green product innovation exerts a stronger influence on the consequential constructs than green process innovation.Practical implicationsThe positive causalities among the constructs suggest that green innovation is more than a branding support. It pays to pursue green innovation. Green product innovation is demonstrated to have a positively stronger influence on both green product competitive advantage and green new product success than green process innovation. The difference in impact signals that when operating under limited resources, green product innovation should be pursued first.Originality/valueThe article addresses the gap in green innovation theory concerning the associations among the key constructs of green innovation causal chain. It is the first green innovation research ever conducted in the e‐industry in China. The causalities identified can be leveraged to improve Chinese e‐industry players’ innovative and competitive capabilities and to encourage them to stay proactive in addressing challenges arising from environmental issues.

Renewable energy and raw materials – The thermodynamic support

The utilization of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a soft oxidant and promoter is a promising concept for industrial applications. The utilization of CO2 as a chemical feedstock to produce other value-added chemicals is highly preferred in green processing because of its non-toxicity, availability cost-effectiveness, and favoring reaction pathways by stabilization of intermediates and suppressing the formation of by-products thereby improving selectivity for the desired product improving yield. This review is limited to the utilization of CO₂ as a green and soft oxidant, focusing on its interaction with metal-based catalytic systems. The findings suggest that CO₂ highly contributes to improved reaction efficiencies as a promoter, its utilization is a strategy for mitigation of its emission into the atmosphere, and it’s in line with the principles of green chemistry by minimizing the generation of harmful by-products. This review underscores the potential of CO₂ as a sustainable promoter and soft oxidant in catalytic oxidation reactions, paving the way for environmentally benign industrial processes.

Supercritical and near-critical CO 2 in green chemical synthesis and processing