Abstract
This paper proposes a novel and optimal battery sizing procedure for the primary frequency control (PFC) of islanded microgrid (MG). The Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), Photovoltaic (PV) systems and LED Lighting Loads (LEDLLs) are coordinated to quickly intercept frequency deviation in the stage of PFC. The PVs decrease their power generation in the case of surplus of power generation. The LEDLLs decrease their power consumption in the case of power shortage. The BESS participates in PFC in both cases by injecting/absorbing power. Some batteries with overloading characteristics are capable of fast discharge/charge for a short period, which can be used to reduce the required battery size for PFC application. The conventional overloading characteristics is based on constant power discharge/charge, but the BESS power varies in response to frequency deviation. To overcome this problem, a modified overloading characteristic is presented based on variable power discharge/charge, which is used to propose a battery sizing algorithm. The Genetic Algorithm is used to optimally determine the frequency controllers’ coefficients of the BESS, PVs and LEDLLs to minimize the required battery size while maintaining the MG frequency within safe operational limits. The proposed battery sizing procedure is evaluated on the CIGRE low voltage benchmark system using simulation in MATLAB/Simulink software. The results show that beside the overloading characteristics of the battery, the participation of PVs and LEDLLs in PFC also reduces the required battery size, because their participation reduces the share of BESS participation in PFC.
Highlights
A micro-grid (MG) is a small low voltage distribution system, which consists of several micro-sources (MSs), loads, energy storage systems (ESSs)
When MG is suddenly islanded from the utility grid, the MG suffers from the unbalanced load-generation, and since MG has low overall inertia, it may undergo larger frequency deviations compared to a bulk power system [3]
A frequency control scheme, consisting of the primary frequency control (PFC) and the secondary frequency control (SFC) was proposed for the frequency control of the islanded MG
Summary
A micro-grid (MG) is a small low voltage distribution system, which consists of several micro-sources (MSs), loads, energy storage systems (ESSs). In [24], the potential contribution of LEDLLs has been described as frequency reserves to provide ancillary services It has proposed an illumination control strategy and several control modes to regulate LED illumination. The BESS uses the overload capability of the battery to perform PFC in both cases of power shortage and surplus, and it has a dominating role compared to the PVs and LEDLLs. A modified overloading characteristic based on variable power discharge/charge is presented. The Genetic Algorithm is used to optimally determine the coefficients values of the proportional frequency controllers of the PVs, LEDLLs and BESS to minimize the required battery size while maintaining the frequency within safe operational limits.
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