Abstract
The strategic idea in this work was to increase pH values by employing natural alkali sources (i.e., HCO3− and CO32−) from four tested agro-ashes as an alternative to chemicals (i.e., lime or soda ash). The considerable proportion of carbonates and bicarbonates in the investigated ash products had remarkable features, making them viable resources. All ash materials showed a significant ability for Ca ion elimination at high initial Ca ion concentrations. A slight quantity of ash (10 g/L) was sufficient for usage on very hard water contents up to 3000 ppm. Finally, the tested agro-ash was free of cost. Furthermore, unlike other conventional precipitants, such as NaOH, Ca(OH)2, NaHCO3, Na2CO3, and CaO, they are cost effective and ecologically sustainable. There is no need to employ any additional chemicals or modify the agro-ash materials throughout the treatment process. The benefits of the manufactured ash were assessed using a SWOT analysis.
Highlights
No living being can survive without water
Great efforts are needed for better management of available water resources to reduce water shortages, and easy access to a fair amount of clean water is one of the main goals of the Sustainable Development Goals (i.e., Goal 6)
Management of industrial water is a vital topic in sustainable development
Summary
No living being can survive without water. water is fundamental for human life. Wastewater from the industrial sector is discharged by direct or indirect methods and pollute water supplies in the surrounding environment. In accordance with a country’s industrial progress, approximately 20% of the freshwater widely consumed is used for industrial purposes. In developing countries, this percentage falls to less than 10%, while in developed countries it doubles. Improvement in water-use efficiency can minimize the expected gap between water demand and supply to approximately 40% in order to find a solution to water scarcity by 2030. Continuous usage of hard water forms scale on the interior walls of domestic and industrial machinery. Scales are precipitates of calcium ions as carbonate, phosphate, or sulphate, but they largely form as calcium carbonate [8,9]
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