Abstract
A generalized functional which yields the Milne integral equation on variation and whose extremum value is proportional to the reflectivity at arbitrary emergent angle is proposed. A similar functional exists for computing the transmissivity at arbitrary emergent angle. This work is a generalization of the variational method of Stokes and DeMarcus (1971, Icarus 14, 307) based on the principle of reciprocity. In the special case of trial functions that are linear in the undetermined parameters, the calculation is greatly simplified. The computational value of our variational principle is demonstrated.
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