Abstract
Sudden changes of VLF propagation characteristics, caused by the very high altitude Hardtack nuclear detonations in the summer of 1958, occurred on propagation paths thousands of kilometers from the burst point. The anomalies were caused by bomb-induced ionization in the ionospheric D layer, and their onset was much more sudden than those occasioned by natural phenomena such as solar flares. The model discussed provides an explanation of how ionization is suddenly produced in ionospheric regions shadowed from a high-altitude detonation or its conjugate point.
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