Abstract
The Internet of things requires long-life wireless sensor nodes powered by the harvested energy from environments. This paper proposes a nonlinear electromagnetic energy harvesting system which may be used to construct fully self-powered wireless sensor nodes. Based on a nonlinear electromagnetic energy harvester (EMEH) with high output voltage, the model of a nonlinear interface circuit is derived and a power management circuit (PMC) is designed. The proposed PMC uses a buck–boost direct current-direct current (DC–DC) converter to match the load resistance of the nonlinear interface circuit. It includes two open-loop branches, which is beneficial to the optimization of the impedance matching. The circuit is able to work even if the stored energy is completely drained. The energy harvesting system successfully powered a wireless sensor node. Experimental results show that, under base excitations of 0.3 g and 0.4 g (where 1 g = 9.8 m·s−2) at 8 Hz, the charging efficiencies of the proposed circuit are 172% and 28.5% higher than that of the classic standard energy-harvesting (SEH) circuit. The experimental efficiency of the PMC is 41.7% under an excitation of 0.3 g at 8 Hz.
Highlights
Nowadays, most wireless sensor nodes and portable electronic devices are powered by traditional chemical batteries
This paper proposes a nonlinear interface circuit model for the nonlinear electromagnetic energy harvester (EMEH) with high output voltage and designs an autonomous power management circuit (PMC) to power a wireless sensor node
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Summary
Most wireless sensor nodes and portable electronic devices are powered by traditional chemical batteries. Various forms of miniaturized energy harvesters have been developed to power wireless sensor nodes and small electronic devices. A linear electromagnetic energy harvester is connected to a nonlinear circuit containing non-resistive components [27]. The model of a nonlinear electromagnetic energy harvester connected to a nonlinear circuit has not been investigated, which will be discussed in this paper. This paper proposes a nonlinear interface circuit model for the nonlinear EMEHs with high output voltage and designs an autonomous PMC to power a wireless sensor node. The experimental results demonstrate that, compared with the SEH circuit, the proposed PMC transfers more energy from the harvester to the load and improves the charging efficiency. A wireless sensor node powered by the nonlinear electromagnetic energy harvesting system is developed and tested. 12 mm × 3Vmalume × 3 mm 50 μm 20 mm × 5106mmmm × 4 mm 18 mm × 93mm × 3 mm 12 mm × 37mm × 3 mm NuWmirbeedrioafmceoteilr rows
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