Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease affecting nearly 400 million people worldwide. In order to manage the disease, patients need to monitor the blood glucose level by puncturing the finger several times a day, which is uncomfortable and inconvenient. We present here a potential non-invasive monitoring method based on the velocity of ultrasonic waves generated in glucose solution by the photoacoustic principal, which can recognize the glucose concentration down to 20mg/dL. In order to apply this method to warm bodies, we carefully designed the experiment and performed measurements from 30 °C to 50 °C to generate a set of calibration curves, which may be used by engineers to build devices. Most importantly, we have theoretically explained the relationship between the compressibility and the glucose concentration. Our results show that the compressibility of solution decreases with the glucose concentration, which clarified the controversy between theory and experiment results in the literature. The derived formula is generally validity, which can be used to nondestructively measure solution concentration for other types of solutions using photoacoustic principle.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex disease, it affects about 382 million people worldwide in 2013 and this number is estimated to be 592 million by 2035.1 The estimated cost of DM is 245 billion in 2012 in the U.S.A alone.[2]
We focus on these unresolved issues in the velocity based photoacoustic method and tried to develop calibration strategy to increase the measurement accuracy on glucose concentrations
We have investigated the feasibility of photoacoustic technology in noninvasively monitoring the glucose concentration
Summary
The velocity decreases with glucose concentration which seems unphysical, and the general trend is conflict with results reported by others on high concentration glucose solution In their experiments, two ultrasonic transducers were used, which requires the send and receive transducers to have proper alignment. If one could get the accurate calibration curves for glucose concentration with velocity at different temperatures, the photoacoustic combined ultrasonic technique might be a powerful tool for non-invasive determination of the glucose concentration in vivo. In this investigation, we focus on these unresolved issues in the velocity based photoacoustic method and tried to develop calibration strategy to increase the measurement accuracy on glucose concentrations. We present a theoretical explanation for the relationship between compressibility and concentration of the solution to clear out the confusion in the literature
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