A Non-Invasive Optical Multimodal Photoplethysmography-Near Infrared Spectroscopy Sensor for Measuring Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Oxygenation in Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract

(1) Background: Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) result in high fatality and lifelong disability rates. Two of the primary biomarkers in assessing TBI are intracranial pressure (ICP) and brain oxygenation. Both are assessed using standalone techniques, out of which ICP can only be assessed utilizing invasive techniques. The motivation of this research is the development of a non-invasive optical multimodal monitoring technology for ICP and brain oxygenation which will enable the effective management of TBI patients. (2) Methods: a multiwavelength optical sensor was designed and manufactured so as to assess both parameters based on the pulsatile and non-pulsatile signals detected from cerebral backscatter light. The probe consists of four LEDs and three photodetectors that measure photoplethysmography (PPG) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) signals from cerebral tissue. (3) Results: The instrumentation system designed to acquire these optical signals is described in detail along with a rigorous technical evaluation of both the sensor and instrumentation. Bench testing demonstrated the right performance of the electronic circuits while a signal quality assessment showed good indices across all wavelengths, with the signals from the distal photodetector being of highest quality. The system performed well within specifications and recorded good-quality pulsations from a head phantom and provided non-pulsatile signals as expected. (4) Conclusions: This development paves the way for a multimodal non-invasive tool for the effective assessment of TBI patients.