Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring from sweat and tears can improve the quality of life of diabetic patients and provide data for more accurate diagnosis and treatment. Current continuous glucose sensors use enzymes with a one-to-two week lifespan, which forces periodic replacement. Metal oxide sensors are an alternative to enzymatic sensors with a longer lifetime. However, metal oxide sensors do not operate in sweat and tears because they function at high pH (pH > 10), and sweat and tears are neutral (pH = 7). Here, we introduce a non-enzymatic metal oxide glucose sensor that functions in neutral fluids by electronically inducing a reversible and localized pH change. We demonstrate glucose monitoring at physiologically relevant levels in neutral fluids mimicking sweat, and wireless communication with a personal computer via an integrated circuit board.
Highlights
Over 30.3 million people in the US have diabetes, a condition that affects 18% of the worldwide population[1,2]
The glucose sensor comprises cobalt oxide (Co3O4), palladium (Pd), and silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) contacts electrochemically grown on gold (Au) strips defined on a glass substrate
The novelty of this glucose sensing platform is the ability to create localized and transient alkaline conditions for glucose sensing to occur on the Co3O4 contact even in neutral fluids (Fig. 1C)
Summary
Over 30.3 million people in the US have diabetes, a condition that affects 18% of the worldwide population[1,2]. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) that uses minimally invasive sources such as sweat is less demanding for patients It improves healthcare by providing a higher data collection rate with an increased reliability while avoiding the discomfort of the “prick test3”. A highly sensitive and stable substrate for glucose detection is cobalt oxide at the interface with nanoporous gold[17] This sensor only works in high pH (pH ≥ 11) because it requires the presence of hydroxide ions[18]. We have developed a cobalt oxide-based glucose sensing platform that is able to detect glucose in solutions with the same pH as the bodily fluids such as sweat and tears.
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