Abstract
BackgroundBalloon dilation is a commonly used minimally invasive endourological treatment of ureteral stricture, but the postoperative recurrence rate is relatively high. And factors contributing to recurrence after treatment are poorly understood. Herein, we sought to develop a novel clinical nomogram to predict ureteral stricture-free survival in patients suffering from ureter stricture and performed balloon dilation.MethodsThe nomogram was established based on a retrospective analysis of 321 patients who received endoscopic balloon dilation alone for ureter strictures from January 2016 to January 2020 in Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital using the Cox regression model. Perioperative clinical data and disease outcomes were analyzed. The primary endpoint was the onset of ureteral re-stricture after ureter balloon dilation. Discrimination of the nomogram was assessed by the concordance index (C-index) and the calibration curve. The results were internally validated using bootstrap resampling.ResultsOverall, 321 patients with a median follow-up of 590 days were enrolled in the study, among which 97 patients (30.2%) developed recurrence of ureteral stricture during follow-up. Five variables remained significant predictors of ureteral re-stricture after multivariable analyses: stricture nature (P < 0.001), urinary nitrite (P = 0.041), CKD (P = 0.005), stent retention time (P < 0.001), and balloon size (P = 0.029). The calibration craves for the probability of 1-, 3-, and 5-years stricture-free survival (SFS) presented satisfied with the consistency of nomogram prediction and actual observation. The C-index of the model was 0.74 (95% CI 0.70–0.79).ConclusionsOur study developed the first nomogram to effectively predict stricture-free survival in patients suffering from ureter stricture after balloon dilation. It is helpful to identify the optimal patients with ureter stricture for balloon dilation and improve treatment outcomes. However, further external validation of the nomogram is warranted.
Highlights
Balloon dilation is a commonly used minimally invasive endourological treatment of ureteral stricture, but the postoperative recurrence rate is relatively high
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Patients fulfilling the following eligibility criteria were enrolled for analysis: (a) individuals diagnosed with ureteral strictures confirmed by imaging and ureteroscopy
Summary
Balloon dilation is a commonly used minimally invasive endourological treatment of ureteral stricture, but the postoperative recurrence rate is relatively high. Ureteral stenosis is a well-known long-term complication that can impair kidney function, mainly caused by various factors, including benign or malignant [1]. The advantageous technique is considered a safe alternative to ureteral stricture It postpones or even potentially shuns the needs of open or laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation [8]. Endoscopic treatments commonly used for ureteral strictures include balloon dilation and endo-ureterectomy. Many factors may affect the success rates: aetiology, stricture location, stricture length, dilation duration, stent duration, stent number, perioperative renal function, infection. We aimed to build a useful and practical nomogram for predicting the stricture recurrence of patients with ureteral stricture after ureter balloon dilation
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