Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are ubiquitous proteins present in all organisms. The sHSPs are not only upregulated under heat shock as well as other stresses but also are expressed in unstressed cells, indicating quite diverse functions of sHSPs. However, there is little known about the role of sHSPs in nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybean. In this study, we cloned a candidate protein of sHSP, GmHSP17.1, from proteome of nodule and analyzed its function in soybean nodulation. We found that GmHSP17.1 was a cytosolic protein and preferentially expressed during nodule development. An overexpression of GmHSP17.1 in composite transgenic plants showed increases in nodule number, fresh weight, nodule size, area of infection cells, and nitrogenase activity, and subsequently promoted the content of nitrogen and growth of soybean plants. While GmHSP17.1 RNA interference (RNAi) lines showed significantly impaired nodule development and nitrogen fixation efficiency. Through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), GmRIP1 was identified as the first potential target of GmHSP17.1, and was shown to be specifically expressed in soybean nodules. The interaction between GmHSP17.1 and GmRIP1 was further confirmed by yeast-two hybrid (Y2H), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) in vivo and pull-down assay in vitro. Furthermore, peroxidase activity was markedly increased in GmHSP17.1 overexpressed nodules and decreased in RNAi lines. As a result, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content greatly decreased in GmHSP17.1 overexpression lines and increased in suppression lines. Taken together, we conclude that GmHSP17.1 plays an important role in soybean nodulation through interacting with GmRIP1. Our results provide foundation for studying the mechanism of nitrogen fixation and for the genetics improvement of legume plants.
Highlights
Legumes could obtain nitrogen source partially through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF)
The transcript accumulation of GmHSP17.1 was determined via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in soybean roots inoculated with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110, we found that GmHSP17.1 was induced more strongly in nodules
Numerous studies have focused on mining genes and its molecular mechanisms, and expected to endow the ability of nitrogen fixation in non-leguminous plants, and very few powerful functional genes associated with BNF were discovered
Summary
Legumes could obtain nitrogen source partially through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Legume plants have evolved strategies to negatively control nodule numbers, called autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway to balance the nitrogen gains and energy consumption (Suzuki et al, 2008; Reid et al, 2011; Suzaki and Nishida, 2019; Isidra-Arellano et al, 2020). Legume nodulation is regulated by nitrogen source, when there is sufficient available nitrogen in the soil, legume plants will cease the symbiosis with Rhizobium to save the energy (Nishida and Suzaki, 2018; Ferguson et al, 2019). It is a more economic and effective strategy to increase the ability of nitrogen fixation for reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer in legumes
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