Abstract
BackgroundNumerous studies have evaluated protein and amino acid levels in human milk. However, research in this area has been limited by small sample sizes and study populations with little ethnic or racial diversity.ObjectiveEvaluate the protein and amino acid composition of mature (≥30 days) human milk samples collected from a large, multinational study using highly standardized methods for sample collection, storage, and analysis.DesignUsing a single, centralized laboratory, human milk samples from 220 women (30–188 days postpartum) from nine countries were analyzed for amino acid composition using Waters AccQ-Tag high-performance liquid chromatography and total nitrogen content using the LECO FP-528 nitrogen analyzer. Total protein was calculated as total nitrogen×6.25. True protein, which includes protein, free amino acids, and peptides, was calculated from the total amino acids.ResultsMean total protein from individual countries (standard deviation [SD]) ranged from 1,133 (125.5) to 1,366 (341.4) mg/dL; the mean across all countries (SD) was 1,192 (200.9) mg/dL. Total protein, true protein, and amino acid composition were not significantly different across countries except Chile, which had higher total and true protein. Amino acid profiles (percent of total amino acids) did not differ across countries. Total and true protein concentrations and 16 of 18 amino acid concentrations declined with the stage of lactation.ConclusionsTotal protein, true protein, and individual amino acid concentrations in human milk steadily decline from 30 to 151 days of lactation, and are significantly higher in the second month of lactation compared with the following 4 months. There is a high level of consistency in the protein content and amino acid composition of human milk across geographic locations. The size and diversity of the study population and highly standardized procedures for the collection, storage, and analysis of human milk support the validity and broad application of these findings.
Highlights
Numerous studies have evaluated protein and amino acid levels in human milk
Study population Between 20 and 28 human milk samples were analyzed from each of the nine countries included in the study population (Fig. 1)
Post-hoc comparisons between Chile and all the other countries were performed to evaluate the significance of the higher protein and amino acid levels in Chile. The results of these analyses showed that total protein, total amino acids, and most individual amino acid concentrations were significantly higher in the human milk samples from Chile as compared with the mean concentrations in samples from Australia, China, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, and the United States (P B0.05 for each comparison) (Fig. 4)
Summary
Numerous studies have evaluated protein and amino acid levels in human milk. Research in this area has been limited by small sample sizes and study populations with little ethnic or racial diversity. Objective: Evaluate the protein and amino acid composition of mature (]30 days) human milk samples collected from a large, multinational study using highly standardized methods for sample collection, storage, and analysis. Conclusions: Total protein, true protein, and individual amino acid concentrations in human milk steadily decline from 30 to 151 days of lactation, and are significantly higher in the second month of lactation compared with the following 4 months. There is a high level of consistency in the protein content and amino acid composition of human milk across geographic locations. The size and diversity of the study population and highly standardized procedures for the collection, storage, and analysis of human milk support the validity and broad application of these findings
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