A new voltammetric platform for reliable determination of the sport performance-enhancing stimulant synephrine in dietary supplements using a boron-doped diamond electrode.

M Haššo,Ĺ Švorc,D M Stanković,O Sarakhman

doi:10.1039/d0ay01425g

M Haššo, Ĺ Švorc + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ay01425g

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Abstract

For the first time, we propose a new modification-free voltammetric platform for simple, fast and reliable quantification of the sport performance-enhancing stimulant synephrine (SYN) based on the usage of a commercial screen-printed boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrochemical sensor. Applying cyclic voltammetry, SYN exhibited one well-shaped, irreversible and diffusion-driven oxidation peak at a peak potential of +1.45 V (vs. the silver pseudoreference electrode) in the presence of 2 M HClO4. Under the selected experimental conditions, the following analytical parameters for determination of SYN were obtained: linear concentration ranges from 19.6 up to 1000 μM and from 9.9 up to 1000 μM for differential pulse (DPV) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV), respectively, detection limits at micromolar concentration levels and intra-day repeatability with a relative standard deviation below 4% for both pulse techniques. The interference study revealed fair selectivity when considering the target dietary supplements. The feasibility of the developed voltammetric platform was verified in the analysis of commercially available dietary supplements and reasonable recovery values were achieved by DPV and SWV, respectively. In addition, the method can be performed directly without higher consumption of chemicals, waste generation, complex sample extraction and higher instrumentation cost. The advanced BDD electrochemical sensor has appeared to be a suitable competitor for efficient applications in food quality control analysis.

Highlights

Introduction pSynephrine (SYN, IUPAC name: 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino) ethyl]phenol) is an alkaloid that occurs naturally in citrus fruits, in bitter orange (Citrus Aurantium)
Attention was paid to the investigation of the electrochemical activity of 1 mM SYN on the boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode using cyclic voltammetry (CV) with a scan rate of 100 mV sÀ1
In an acidic environment, only one oxidation peak of SYN was observed in the potential region of about +1.5 V, while in a neutral medium the onset of the second emerging signal at a lower peak potential of approximately +0.8 V was already beginning to be visible in the CV curves

Summary

Introduction

Introduction pSynephrine (SYN, IUPAC name: 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino) ethyl]phenol) is an alkaloid that occurs naturally in citrus fruits, in bitter orange (Citrus Aurantium). Considering the medical application, it is generally known that SYN can increase blood pressure This aspect is relevant because people (who are usually overweight) taking SYNcontaining preparations are at risk from cardiovascular diseases.[6] Besides, SYN may interact with other drugs affecting their efficacy.[7] Medicinal products containing SYN are registered in several European countries. They are not considered to be prohibited substances by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), SYN itself has been more closely included in the monitoring program.[8] The oral absorption of SYN in humans is rapid and complete, with maximum plasma concentrations reached a er 1 to 2 h.

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