Abstract
It is proved in this paper that Abel’s and Galois’s proofs that the quintic equations have no radical solutions are invalid. Due to Abel’s and Galois’s work about two hundred years ago, it was generally accepted that general quintic equations had no radical solutions. However, Tang Jianer et al. recently prove that there are radical solutions for some quintic equations with special forms. The theories of Abel and Galois cannot explain these results. On the other hand, Gauss et al. proved the fundamental theorem of algebra. The theorem declared that there were n solutions for the n degree equations, including the radical and non-radical solutions. The theories of Abel and Galois contradicted with the fundamental theorem of algebra. Due to the reasons above, the proofs of Abel and Galois should be re-examined and re-evaluated. The author carefully analyzed the Abel’s original paper and found some serious mistakes. In order to prove that the general solution of algebraic equation he proposed was effective for the cubic equation, Abel took the known solutions of cubic equation as a premise to calculate the parameters of his equation. Therefore, Abel’s proof is a logical circular argument and invalid. Besides, Abel confused the variables with the coefficients (constants) of algebraic equations. An expansion with 14 terms was written as 7 terms, 7 terms were missing. We prefer to consider Galois’s theory as a hypothesis rather than a proof. Based on that permutation group S5 had no true normal subgroup, Galois concluded that the quintic equations had no radical solutions, but these two problems had no inevitable logic connection actually. In order to prove the effectiveness of radical extension group of automorphism mapping for the cubic and quartic equations, in the Galois’s theory, some algebraic relations among the roots of equations were used to replace the root itself. This violated the original definition of automorphism mapping group, led to the confusion of concepts and arbitrariness. For the general cubic and quartic algebraic equations, the actual solving processes do not satisfy the tower structure of Galois’s solvable group. The resolvents of cubic and quartic equations are proved to have no symmetries of Galois’s soluble group actually. It is invalid to use the solvable group theory to judge whether the high degree equation has a radical solution. The conclusion of this paper is that there is only the Sn symmetry for the n degree algebraic equations. The symmetry of Galois’s solvable group does not exist. Mathematicians should get rid of the constraints of Abel and Galois’s theories, keep looking for the radical solutions of high degree equations.
Highlights
The so-called radical solution problem of quintic equation is to find a general formula to express the roots of arbitrary quintic equation in the radical forms of equation’s coefficients uniformly.People knew how to solve quadratic equations in the seventh century.Through the hard works of mathematicians, the general solutions of cubic and quartic equations were found about 450 years ago
In order to prove that the general solution of algebraic equation he proposed was effective for the cubic equation, Abel took the known solutions of cubic equation as a premise to calculate the parameters of his equation
By considering the results reveled in this paper that there is only Sn symmetry between the solutions and coefficients for the n degree algebraic equations, there is no the symmetry of Galois’s solvable group, the traditional conclusion that high degree equations have no radical solutions should be given up
Summary
The so-called radical solution problem of quintic equation is to find a general formula to express the roots of arbitrary quintic equation in the radical forms of equation’s coefficients uniformly. Zheng Liangfei solved a lot of quintic equations with number coefficients by using same special methods [8] All of these solutions cannot be explained by the theories of Abel and Galois. In order to prove the effectiveness of this method for the cubic and quartic equations, Galois’s theory used the algebraic relations of same roots to replace roots themselves This is a substitution of concepts, and introduces arbitrariness, results in the destruction of uniqueness. By considering the results reveled in this paper that there is only Sn symmetry between the solutions and coefficients for the n degree algebraic equations, there is no the symmetry of Galois’s solvable group, the traditional conclusion that high degree equations have no radical solutions should be given up. Mathematicians should get rid of the constraints of Abel and Galois’s theories, keep to looking for the radical solutions of general high degree equations
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