Abstract
In the last twenty years, there has been an immense improvement in the ability to build cryorefrigerators which achieve temperatures as low as 6.8 to 150 K in miniature size. This is true for a variety of refrigeration methods and cycles: the Stirling cycle, Gifford-McMahon cycle, Vuilleumier cycle, Solvay cycle, pulse tube refrigeration, and the free displacer refrigeration method [1–6].
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