A new model to predict the energy generated by a photovoltaic system connected to the grid in low latitude countries

As a part of various electric power sources, the photovoltaic power system are expected to be one of the important power systems in a near future. The authors have developed the computer program of optimizing grid-connected photovoltaic power system from points of view of daily electric load and electrical energy cost. In a grid-connected photovoltaic power system (PV system), electric power generated is supplied to distribution line and load.In this paper, the optimum design of typical private residence with PV system in Tokyo is calculated by using the various system performance models, the cost models, the daily electric load pattern, environmental data and so on.It was found that the capacity of PV system is 2.6kW when the selling price of surplus power and buying price of shortage one are equivalent. And then, the electrical energy cost of the optimum PV system at 2, 000 A. D. is estimated to be about 35yen/kWh.

Grid-connected photovoltaic power system is not only related to solar battery and grid inverter technology, but also involves the system control and optimization problem. The research and improvement about control technology play a vital role in improving the efficiency of the system and Realizing optimization grid. On the basis of considering about control requirements in grid-connected photovoltaic power system, the paper analyzes comprehensively the control technology about MPPT, grid of inverter and island detection. At last, the paper points out the research hotspots and development trend in each part.

A grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power system with the high step-up ZVT interleaved boost converter is presented in this paper. For a typical PV module, the output voltage is relatively low. So the high voltage gain is obligatory to realize the grid-connected function. The proposed PV system employs a ZVT interleaved boost converter with an active-clamp circuit as the first power processing stage, which can boost a low voltage of PV array up to the high DC bus. And a full bridge inverter with bidirectional power flow is used as the second power processing stage, which can stabilize the DC bus voltage and shape the output current. Two compensation units are added to perform in system control loops and low THD of the current is achieved. In addition a simple sensor-less MPPT method is applied in the PV system and represents a good performance. At last, a 1.5-kW prototype was built and tested to verify the theoretical analysis of the paper.

The objective was to determine the competitive advantages provided by the use of photovoltaic solar energy in the educational process of an educational institution in the District of Santa Marta, capital of the department of Magdalena in Northern Colombia. Non-experimental, cross- sectional and descriptive study, where the survey technique was applied. The study sample was 120 parents and 10 teachers. The results of the study showed that both teachers and parents have a favorable perception regarding the cost implications experienced by the educational institution based on the use of photovoltaic solar energy, with advantages from an economic point of view as well as in Regarding the added value based on the use of this type of energy, however, this potential is not fully exploited, given that there is a lack of clear knowledge regarding the profiles of the students and their needs according to the educational levels; on the other hand, the educational plan of the institution is not aligned with the care of the environment through the use of renewable energies and the objectives of the use of Photovoltaic Solar Energy are not clear either. On the other hand, the necessary information and guidance is not provided to teachers to promote the educational process by taking advantage of this energy, nor does it offer training or training for its efficient use.

The objective of this paper is to establish the performance of 8 kWp grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power systems based on different PV module technologies in Nanjing, China. Nanjing has a hot summer and a cold winter which are considered based on monthly average solar irradiation and ambient temperature specifically for the deployment of grid-connected PV systems. The study focuses on performance assessment of grid-connected PV systems using typical PV modules made of monocrystalline silicon (m-Si), polycrystalline silicon (p-Si), edge-defined film-fed growth silicon (EFG-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin film, copper indium selenide (CIS) thin film, heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT), and hydrogenated amorphous silicon single-junction (a-Si:H single-PV) installed on location. The yearly average energy output, PV module and system efficiency, array yield, final yield, reference yield, performance ratio, monthly average array capture losses, and system losses of seven PV module technologies are all analyzed. The results show that grid-connected PV power system performance depends on geographical location, PV module types, and climate conditions such as solar radiation and ambient temperature. In addition, based on energy output and efficiency, the HIT PV power technology can be considered as the best option and CdTe and p-Si as the least suitable options for this area. The monthly average performance ratio of the CdTe technology was higher than those of other technologies over the monitoring period in Nanjing.

Chapter 9 - Grid-connected solar PV power systems

In order to realize the solar photovoltaic (PV) system connecting with grid friendly, a PV system with voltage-controlled inverter based on virtual synchronous generator (SG) is presented. This kind of system has features of SG, which supply the virtual moment of inertia to grid. The mathematical model of PV and virtual SG is built, and the control strategy of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is also studied in the paper. Simulation model of the grid-connected PV power system is built on Matlab/Simulink. Finally, correctness and feasibility of this system are verified by simulation results.

Failures of Photovoltaic modules and their Detection: A Review

The paper presents a detailed modelling, simulation, and control of the real and reactive power flows in the Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power system (GCPV) based on seven-phase voltage source inverter linked to a three-stage boost circuit interfacing a photovoltaic (PV) generation system to the power grid. Synchronisation of the inverter and grid AC waveforms is achieved using a phase-locked-loop (PLL) circuit. An effective decoupling strategy based on fuzzy logic controllers (DFLC) is designed to eliminate the interaction between the two current components. The DC-link voltage is controlled using a closed loop scheme based on a clamping bridge and an adaptive fuzzy logic PI controller (AFLC-PI). The overall model is implemented in Matlab and Simulink/SimPowerSystems toolboxes. Simulations results with the PV system operating with real irradiance data are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed decoupling and control strategies under different conditions of the power grid.

The use of photovoltaic solar energy for electricity generation has been even more considered in many countries worldwide as an excellent alternative to reduce the man-made environmental impacts, especially those associated with climate changes. In countries such as Japan, Germany, USA and other European countries, specific regulatory mechanisms have been developed to stimulate its use either through governmental programs or financial and/or tax incentives. The main common reasons on these programs are the diversification of energy sources traditionally used, namely the need to adopt a sustainable energy model, the encouragement of the photovoltaic equipment industry, an affordable technology, and a concern with the environment, mainly to the reduction of CO2 emissions. In the Brazilian case, despite the large solar resource potential, many things still need to be done and, since then only a small number of initiatives were undertaken to encourage solar photovoltaic energy, but still very small when compared to the countries mentioned above. In this sense, this paper has the purpose of presenting the evolution of the regulatory incentives concerned to the use of photovoltaic solar energy in Brazil over the years.

The sustainability of the supply of electrical energy at favorable levels for growing and sustainable human development in the current context is in question due to the accelerated depletion of fossil fuels for electrical generation. Therefore, it is pertinent from the country's senior management to develop a global strategy that favors the gradual replacement of the consumption of fossil fuels for electricity generation with technologies that use solar energy as a basis for electricity generation. Describe some of the most significant economic conditions associated with the greater use of solar energy in Cuba for human development. A descriptive observational study was carried out of some of the main conditions existing in Cuba for the greater use of photovoltaic solar energy for electrical consumption. For this, scientific observation and bibliographic review were used as scientific methods. The strategy of emigration from electricity generation with fossil fuel to generation with photovoltaic panels in Cuba must be thought, planned, planned and executed from the convergence of national and foreign economic interests. Committing to the greater use of photovoltaic solar panels does not mean giving up conventional sources for electricity generation, but rather diversifying the national energy matrix in pursuit of greater economic, political and social benefits. To this end, the ingenuity of human resources to adapt to any scenario, together with the motivational benefits for domestic and foreign capital, can constitute the most complete formula to stimulate the greatest possible participation in electricity generation with photovoltaic solar panels in Cuba.

A grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power system with high voltage gain is proposed, and the steady-state model analysis and the control strategy of the system are presented in this paper. For a typical PV array, the output voltage is relatively low, and a high voltage gain is obligatory to realize the grid-connected function. The proposed PV system employs a ZVT-interleaved boost converter with winding-coupled inductors and active-clamp circuits as the first power-processing stage, which can boost a low voltage of the PV array up to a high dc-bus voltage. Accordingly, an accurate steady-state model is obtained and verified by the simulation and experimental results, and a full-bridge inverter with bidirectional power flow is used as the second power-processing stage, which can stabilize the dc-bus voltage and shape the output current. Two compensation units are added to perform in the system control loops to achieve the low total harmonic distortion and fast dynamic response of the output current. Furthermore, a simple maximum-power-point-tracking method based on power balance is applied in the PV system to reduce the system complexity and cost with a high performance. At last, a 2-kW prototype has been built and tested to verify the theoretical analysis of the paper.

An isolated grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power system for household is proposed and the control strategy of the system is presented in this paper. The proposed PV system employs an interleaved boost converter as the first power-processing stage, which can boost a low voltage of PV array up to a high dc-bus voltage. In the traditional isolated PV system, industrial low-frequency transformers are often used for electrical isolation. However, with the shortage of large volume, great weight and high noise, it is not suitable for household application. In this paper, dual active bridge (DAB) is used as the second power-processing stage to achieve high-frequency isolation and a fullbridge inverter is used as the third power-processing stage which can stabilize the dc-bus voltage and shape the output current. At last, a 1.5KW prototype has been built and verify the design presented in this paper.

This study presents a systematic way to evaluate reliability performance of large grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power systems considering variation of input power and ambient-condition-dependent failure rates of critical components including PV modules, inverters, and capacitors. State enumeration is used to analyze real-life grid-connected PV systems. Ambient-condition-dependent failure rates of major components in PV systems are formulated and incorporated in reliability analysis. A series of reliability indices are defined to quantify PV systems' reliability performance. In addition, sensitivity analyses are extensively conducted to investigate the impact of different factors on the performances of PV power systems. Test results on a practical 20-kW PV project are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Distributed grid-connected photovoltaic power system emission offset assessment: statistical test of simulated- and measured-based data