Abstract
A method based on disposable pipette extraction (DPX) was successfully applied to creatinine determination in urine samples analysis using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet spectrophotometric detection (DPX/LC-UV). DPX variables, number of draw/eject cycles, sample pH, and type of the desorption solvent, were employed in a factorial experimental design to optimize the sorption equilibrium and time analysis. Among the evaluated DPX variables, the highest extraction efficiency was obtained with 500 µL of urine sample mixed with 1 mL of borate solution (pH 9) with one draw/eject cycle followed by liquid desorption of 1 mL of methanol in seven draw/eject cycles. The developed DPX/LC-UV method showed a linear response from the limit of quantification of 0.317 to 3.390 g L-1 with r2 = 0.996 and inter-day precision with a coefficient of variation below 8.8%. Based on these results, the proposed method can be a useful tool for determining the creatinine levels in urine samples.
Highlights
Creatinine (2-amino-1-methyl-2-imidazoline-4-one) is one of the human blood components that is the final product of creatine metabolism in mammals, which is carried out by skeletal muscles to release energy.[1]
Normal creatinine levels in urine are in the range of 0.407 to 3.054 g L-1 in men and 0.373 to 2.545 g L-1 in women; they can vary according to age and gender.[2,4]
Considering the structure and electron distribution into styrene divinylbenzene polymer net and creatinine molecules showed in Figure 1, probably the π-π interaction contributed to higher extraction efficiency of RP phase, and it was selected to conduct the subsequent extractions
Summary
Creatinine (2-amino-1-methyl-2-imidazoline-4-one) is one of the human blood components that is the final product of creatine metabolism in mammals, which is carried out by skeletal muscles to release energy.[1] Creatinine is extracted from the body by renal excretion at a relatively constant rate.[2] The variation in creatinine level in blood and urine is an important parameter in clinical diagnostics. Thyroid malfunction, and muscular disorders increase the creatinine concentration in blood serum, and measuring the creatinine concentration in blood, serum, and urine allows diagnosis of these disorders.[3] Recently, there has been a leap forward towards manufacturing simple, accurate, and reliable biosensors to measure the amount of creatinine.[1,2,3] Normal creatinine levels in urine are in the range of 0.407 to 3.054 g L-1 in men and 0.373 to 2.545 g L-1 in women; they can vary according to age and gender.[2,4] In kidney malfunction, creatinine concentration can exceed 113.118 g L-1. Patients suffering from kidney disease need to control the creatinine concentration in their blood daily.[5]
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