Abstract
Abstract. A method is developed based on Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) level 1 attenuated backscatter profile data for deriving the mean extinction coefficient of water droplets close to cloud top. The method is applicable to low level (cloud top <2 km), opaque water clouds in which the lidar signal is completely attenuated beyond about 100 m of penetration into the cloud. The photo multiplier tubes (PMTs) of the 532 nm detectors (parallel and perpendicular polarizations) of the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) both exhibit a non-ideal recovery of the lidar signal after striking a strongly backscattering target (such as water cloud or surface). Therefore, the effects of any transient responses of CALIOP on the attenuated backscatter profile of the water cloud must first be removed in order to obtain a reliable (validated) attenuated backscatter profile. Then, the slope of the exponential decay of the validated water cloud attenuated backscatter profile, and the multiple scattering factor are used for deriving the mean extinction coefficient of low-level water cloud droplets close to cloud top. This novel method was evaluated and compared with the previous method which combined the cloud effective radius (3.7-μm) reported by MODIS with the lidar depolarization ratios measured by CALIPSO to estimate the mean extinction coefficient. Statistical results show that the extinction coefficients derived by the new method based on CALIOP alone agree reasonbably well with those obtained in the previous study using combined CALIOP and MODIS data. The mean absolute relative difference in extinction coefficient is about 13.4%. An important advantage of the new method is that it can be used to derive the extinction coefficient also during night time, and it is also applicable when multi-layered clouds are present. Overall, the stratocumulus dominated regions experience larger day-night differences which are all negative and seasonal. However, a contrary tendency consisted in the global mean values. The global mean cloud water extinction coefficients during different seasons range from 26 to 30 km−1, and the differences between day and night time are all positive and small (about 1–2 km−1). In addition, the global mean layer-integrated depolarization ratios of liquid water clouds during different seasons range from 0.2 to 0.23, and the differences between day and night also are small, about 0.01.
Highlights
Low level water clouds are observed to occur very persistently, and to cover large areas of the globe, in particular, over the tropics and subtropics (Hartmann and Short, 1980)
Boundary layer clouds frequently exceed this optical depth, in this study we focus on cloud properties near the top of opaque, low level water clouds
The results show that the transient response of Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) droplet radius derived from the absorption at 3.7-μm reflects photo multiplier tubes (PMTs) can affect the vertical distribution and magnitude of the water cloud attenuated backscat- ter clouds (Platnick, 2000), with a vertical penetration depth ter signal
Summary
Low level water clouds (such as stratiform clouds within the boundary layer) are observed to occur very persistently, and to cover large areas of the globe, in particular, over the tropics and subtropics (Hartmann and Short, 1980). Since low level water clouds generally have high albedos relative to the ocean surface, these clouds significantly decrease the amount of solar energy absorbed by the earth system, reduce heating rates as compared to cloud free conditions and have a significant cooling effect on global climate (e.g. Randall et al, 1984; Fouquart et al, 1990; Betts and Boers, 1990) Their net radiative effect on the global energy budget has been estimated at −15 Wm−2 and the sensitivity to changes in global low cloud coverage at −0.63 Wm−2 (Hartmann et al, 1992) for each percent increase in low cloud amount. It is very important to know the global distribution of water cloud microphysical, macrophysical and radiative properties and their relationship in order to assess the impact of these clouds on the climate system
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