Abstract
Pseudolite deployment is the premise of ground-based pseudolite system networking, which affects the coverage and positioning accuracy of ground-based pseudolite systems. Optimal deployment algorithms can help to achieve a higher signal coverage and lower mean horizontal precision factor (HDOP) with a limited number of pseudolites. In this paper, we proposed a multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm for the deployment of a ground-based pseudolite system. The new algorithm combines Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data and uses the mean HDOP of the DEM grid to measure the geometry of the pseudolite system. The signal coverage of the pseudolite system was calculated based on the visual area analysis with respect to reference planes, which effectively avoids the repeated calculation of the intersection and improves the calculation efficiency. A selected area covering 10 km×10 km in the Jiuzhaigou area of China was used to verify the new algorithm. The results showed that both the coverage and HDOP achieved were optimal using the new algorithm, where the coverage area can be up to approximately 50% and 30% more than using the existing particle swarm optimization (PSO) and convex polyhedron volume optimization (CPVO) algorithms, respectively.
Highlights
GNSS has the advantages of globalization and all-weather operation, but in nonopen environments such as tunnels, indoors, and urban canyons, it is difficult for users to receive signals from more than four satellites at the same time due to the weak satellite signals, resulting in a decreased user positioning accuracy and even positioning failure [1,2,3,4]
Sang et al (2013) analyzed that the volume of the polyhedron formed by pseudolite base stations and receivers is approximately inversely proportional to the DOP, and they proposed the geometric configuration that should be avoided in the design of an independent pseudolite system, but did not give the ideal scheme of pseudolite station distributions [12]
Scheme 4 needs to consider the timization algorithm of Scheme 3 only optimizes the geometry of the pseudolite s coverage of the pseudolite system at the same time, so the average HDOP of the system is with single objective and a smaller average
Summary
GNSS has the advantages of globalization and all-weather operation, but in nonopen environments such as tunnels, indoors, and urban canyons, it is difficult for users to receive signals from more than four satellites at the same time due to the weak satellite signals, resulting in a decreased user positioning accuracy and even positioning failure [1,2,3,4]. Song et al (2013) combined the tetrahedral volume method to improve the geometry of the base stations by constructing the best observation matrix, and they gave the best distribution of four pseudolites but did not consider the increase in the number of pseudolites [13]. The goal of stations deployment is to obtain the highest signal coverage and the lowest mean horizontal precision factor (HDOP) with a limited number of pseudolites. To solve these problems, this paper proposed an MOPSO algorithm for the deployment of a groundbased pseudolite system.
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