Abstract
Recently, renewable energy sources (RESs) have increasingly being integrated into the power grids as a result of environmental and governmental perspectives. In this regard, the installation of RESs as potential power sources in active distribution systems would benefit the grid by decreasing the power losses, as well as addressing the fossil fuel shortages, and their environmental aspects. Nevertheless, the high-level integration of RESs as well as the development of distributed formations in local systems could challenge the reliable operation of the grid. In this context, conventional approaches could not optimally mitigate the regulation-voltage issue; therefore, utilities have to exploit the scheduling of local responsive sources to address the regulation-voltage issue in systems with high-level penetration of RESs. Consequently, the offered scheme in this paper enables the system operator to activate flexibility service from local responsive sources with the aim of addressing the regulation-voltage issue in the grid. Respectively, the system operator as the leader provides incentive control signals to ensure collaboration of the independent agents in voltage regulating procedure. Finally, the developed framework is applied on the 37-bus IEEE test network to investigate its application in mitigating the regulation-voltage issue in the active distribution systems with multi-agent formations.
Highlights
Active distribution systems are developed by the introduction of small-scale power generation units as well as storage units and responsive load demands in power networks
Taking into account the above discussions regarding the necessity of considering the re-scheduling of responsive resources in systems with the high-level integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) to address the voltage regulation issue, this paper aims to develop a hierarchical management model based on the Stackelberg game concept to facilitate the contribution of the independent agents in the voltage regulation procedure in multi-agent distribution networks with high penetration of RESs
In this paper, a hierarchical model is developed in order to enable the system operators of the distribution system to address the voltage regulation issue in the grid
Summary
Active distribution systems are developed by the introduction of small-scale power generation units as well as storage units and responsive load demands in power networks. In this regard, integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) in power distribution systems has resulted in changing the conventional operational procedures in the grid [1]. The high penetration of RESs could cause operational issues in the system In this regard, over-power generation by RESs could result in voltage regulation issues in the distribution grid.
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