Abstract
The transverse momentum spectra of identified particles produced in high energy proton-proton p + p collisions are empirically described by a new method with the framework of the participant quark model or the multisource model at the quark level, in which the source itself is exactly the participant quark. Each participant (constituent) quark contributes to the transverse momentum spectrum, which is described by the TP-like function, a revised Tsallis–Pareto-type function. The transverse momentum spectrum of the hadron is the convolution of two or more TP-like functions. For a lepton, the transverse momentum spectrum is the convolution of two TP-like functions due to two participant quarks, e.g., projectile and target quarks, taking part in the collisions. A discussed theoretical approach seems to describe the p + p collisions data at center-of-mass energy s = 200 GeV , 2.76 TeV, and 13 TeV very well.
Highlights
As one of the “first day” measurable quantities, the transverse momentum spectra of various particles produced in high energy proton-proton (p + p), protonnucleus, and nucleus-nucleus collisions are of special importance because it reveals about the excitation degree and anisotropic collectivity in the produced systems
(1) The transverse momentum spectra in terms of the cross-section of various particles produced in high energy proton-proton collisions have been studied by a TP-like function
The transverse momentum spectra have been studied by a new description in the framework of the participant quark model or the multisource model at the quark level
Summary
As one of the “first day” measurable quantities, the transverse momentum (pT) spectra of various particles produced in high energy proton-proton (p + p) (hadron-hadron), protonnucleus (hadron-nucleus), and nucleus-nucleus collisions are of special importance because it reveals about the excitation degree and anisotropic collectivity in the produced systems. In the very low-, low-, high-, and very high-pT regions [1], the shapes of pT spectrum for given particles are possibly different from each other. The spectrum in (very) low-pT region contributed by (resonance decays or other) soft excitation process. The spectrum in (very) high-pT region is related to (very) hard scattering process (pQCD). At a given collision energy, for different collision species, looking into the spectral shape, a theoretical function that best fits to the pT -spectra is usually chosen to extract information like rapidity density, dN/dy, kinetic freeze-out temperature, Tkin or T0 and average radial flow velocity, hβT i orβT. The low-pT region up to ∼2–3 GeV/c is well described by a Boltzmann– Gibbs function, whereas the high-pT part is dominated by a power-law tail.
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