Abstract
It has long been recognized that in most areas of Community law, such as the internal market, and consumer and environmental protection, the most tenacious problem is not the absence of adequate laws, but insufficient Member State transposition (of directives), as well as insufficient application and enforcement of those rules. Following increased efforts by the Commission to correct this state of affairs by initiating infringement proceedings under Article 226 EC and, more recently, requesting imposition of penalty payments under Article 228(2) EC, the situation has improved in many respects.
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