A new coaxial flow-through probe for electromembrane extraction of methadone from clinical samples on-line coupled to capillary electrophoresis

Abstract

BackgroundA new design of a flow-through coaxial electromembrane extraction (EME) probe that can be on-line coupled with CE instrument is described and tested. The supporting base of the probe is a PDMS microchip with T-shaped channels into which two coaxially arranged capillaries for inlet and outlet solutions are inserted. The extraction part of the probe is a porous polypropylene hollow fiber, sealed at one end and modified with nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE) extraction fluid. The internal volume of the extraction probe is 1.1 μL. ResultsThe EME probe was tested on laboratory samples and methadone was extracted into 3.0 M AcOH as acceptor. The concentration dependence was linear in the range of 0.1–1.0 μg mL−1 at EME 300 s/150 V and in the range of 0.5–10.0 μg mL−1 at EME 100 s/150 V. The enrichment factor was greater than 30 and the LOD was 0.21 μg mL−1. The EME of methadone in clinical samples showed a linear concentration dependence in human urine and a nonlinear concentration dependence in serum. The distribution of methadone in each phase of the extraction system and the effect of extraction membrane thickness on the enrichment factor were studied. The EME probe can be applied repeatedly. SignificanceThe supporting base of EME probe and flow gating interface (FGI) are realized by a microfluidic PDMS microchips cast in the laboratory without the use of lithography. A supporting PDMS chip with coaxially arranged capillaries and extraction membrane forms a compact analytical instrument. The entire EME/CE analysis process is performed on a laboratory-made instrument and automated by LabView.