Abstract
To meet the need for “standard” testing system for wearable blood pressure sensors, this study intends to develop a new radial pulsation simulator that can generate age-dependent reference radial artery pressure waveforms reflecting the physiological characteristics of human cardiovascular system. To closely duplicate a human cardiovascular system, the proposed simulator consists of a left ventricle simulation module, an aorta simulation module, a peripheral resistance simulation module, and a positive/negative pressure control reservoir module. Simulating physiologies of blood pressure, the compliance chamber in the simulator can control arterial stiffness to produce age-dependent pressure waveforms. The augmentation index was used to assess the pressure waveforms generated by the simulator. The test results show that the simulator can generate and control radial pressure waveforms similar to human pulse signals consisting of early systolic pressure, late systolic pressure, and dicrotic notch. Furthermore, the simulator's left ventricular pressure-volume loop results demonstrate that the simulator exhibits mechanical characteristics of the human cardiovascular system. The proposed device can be effectively used as a “standard” radial artery pressure simulator to calibrate the wearable sensor's measurement characteristics and to develop more advanced sensors. The simulator is intended to serve as a platform for the development, performance verification, and calibration of wearable blood pressure sensors. It will contribute to the advancement of the wearable blood pressure sensor technology, which enables real-time monitoring of users' radial artery pressure waveforms and eventually predicting cardiovascular diseases.
Highlights
To meet the need for “standard” testing system for wearable blood pressure sensors, this study intends to develop a new radial pulsation simulator that can generate age-dependent reference radial artery pressure waveforms reflecting the physiological characteristics of human cardiovascular system
Simulating physiologies of blood pressure, the compliance chamber in the simulator can control arterial stiffness to produce age-dependent pressure waveforms. e augmentation index was used to assess the pressure waveforms generated by the simulator. e test results show that the simulator can generate and control radial pressure waveforms similar to human pulse signals consisting of early systolic pressure, late systolic pressure, and dicrotic notch
Alternative to clinical testing, this study proposes to develop a radial artery waveform simulator, which can be served as a platform for evaluating wearable blood pressure sensors. e simulator should be capable of producing the standardized radial artery pressure waveforms and controlling the pressure waveforms according to various factors, such as ages. is kind of simulator can dramatically reduce the cost and the development life cycle of the wearable blood pressure sensors
Summary
To meet the need for “standard” testing system for wearable blood pressure sensors, this study intends to develop a new radial pulsation simulator that can generate age-dependent reference radial artery pressure waveforms reflecting the physiological characteristics of human cardiovascular system. It will contribute to the advancement of the wearable blood pressure sensor technology, which enables real-time monitoring of users’ radial artery pressure waveforms and eventually predicting cardiovascular diseases. It is quite challenging to maintain the contact between the sensor and the skin at the interface of the PPG watch or mobile device To overcome this shortcoming, there have been numerous research studies on flexible and wearable sensing technologies aiming at developing a skin-attachable blood pressure sensor with superior sensing properties along with mechanical flexibility and robustness, enabling real-time measurements of blood pulses. Despite the importance of measurement accuracy, little studies exist on the evaluation and improvement of the measurement accuracy of wearable blood pressure sensors
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