A new basal bird from China with implications for morphological diversity in early birds.

Xiaoli Wang,Yan Wang,Zhonghe Zhou,Min Wang

doi:10.1038/srep19700

Abstract

The Chinese Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group is the second oldest fossil bird-bearing deposit, only surpassed by Archaeopteryx from the German Upper Jurassic Solnhofen Limestones. Here we report a new bird, Chongmingia zhengi gen. et sp. nov., from the Jehol Biota. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that Chongmingia zhengi is basal to the dominant Mesozoic avian clades Enantiornithes and Ornithuromorpha, and represents a new basal avialan lineage. This new discovery adds to our knowledge regarding the phylogenetic differentiation and morphological diversity in early avian evolution. The furcula of Chongmingia is rigid (reducing its efficiency), consequently requiring more power for flight. However, the elongated forelimb and the large deltopectoral crest on the humerus might indicate that the power was available. The unique combination of features present in this species demonstrates that numerous evolutionary experimentations took place in the early evolution of powered flight. The occurrence of gastroliths further confirms that herbivory was common among basal birds. The Jehol birds faced competition with pterosaurs, and occupied sympatric habitats with non-avian theropods, some of which consumed birds. Thus, avialan herbivory may have reduced ecological competition from carnivorous close relatives and other volant vertebrates early in their evolutionary history.

Highlights

As in Confuciusornis and some non-avian theropods[6], the scapula and coracoid are fused into a scapulocoracoid (Fig. 2b–d), a primitive feature absent in Archaeopteryx, Sapeornis, Jeholornis, and more derived birds
In non-avian theropods, Chongmingia and Confuciusornis[6], the medial condyle is mediolaterally wider than the lateral one (Fig. 5e), but they are of equal width in Sapeornis[11]
Chongmingia is referable to non-ornithothoracine birds in having following primitive features: the furcula is robust and boomerang-shaped; the scapula and coracoid are fused; the coracoid lacks the procoracoid process; the alular metacarpal and digit are relative long; and metatarsal V is present

Summary

Introduction

As in Confuciusornis and some non-avian theropods[6], the scapula and coracoid are fused into a scapulocoracoid (Fig. 2b–d), a primitive feature absent in Archaeopteryx, Sapeornis, Jeholornis, and more derived birds In non-avian theropods, Chongmingia and Confuciusornis[6], the medial condyle is mediolaterally wider than the lateral one (Fig. 5e), but they are of equal width in Sapeornis[11].

Results

Conclusion