Abstract
Energy Harvesting techniques are increasingly seen as the solution for freeing the wireless sensor nodes from their battery dependency. However, it remains evident that network performance features, such as network size, packet length, and duty cycle, are influenced by the sum of recovered energy. This paper proposes a new approach to defining the specifications of a stand-alone wireless node based on a Radio-frequency Energy Harvesting System (REHS). To achieve adequate performance regarding the range of the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), techniques for minimizing the energy consumed by the sensor node are combined with methods for optimizing the performance of the REHS. For more rigor in the design of the autonomous node, a comprehensive energy model of the node in a wireless network is established. For an equitable distribution of network charges between the different nodes that compose it, the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is used for this purpose. The model considers five energy-consumption sources, most of which are ignored in recently used models. By using the hardware parameters of commercial off-the-shelf components (Mica2 Motes and CC2520 of Texas Instruments), the energy requirement of a sensor node is quantified. A miniature REHS based on a judicious choice of rectifying diodes is then designed and developed to achieve optimal performance in the Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band centralized at . Due to the mismatch between the REHS and the antenna, a band pass filter is designed to reduce reflection losses. A gradient method search is used to optimize the output characteristics of the adapted REHS. At of input RF power, the REHS provides an output DC power of and a comparison with the energy requirement of the node allows the Base Station (BS) to be located at from the wireless nodes when the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has nodes evenly spread over an area of and when each round lasts . The result shows that the range of the autonomous WSN increases when the controlled physical phenomenon varies very slowly. Having taken into account all the dissipation sources coexisting in a sensor node and using actual measurements of an REHS, this work provides the guidelines for the design of autonomous nodes based on REHS.
Highlights
Nowadays, the concept of the smart city is increasingly used to refer to the integration of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in the urban environment
Power of 0.57 mW and a comparison with the energy requirement of the node allows the Base Station (BS) to be located at 310 m from the wireless nodes when the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has 100 nodes evenly spread over an area of 300 × 300 m2 and when each round lasts 10 min
The Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol for WSN allows all data from nodes within the cluster to be processed locally, reducing the set of data that needs to be transmitted to the end user [27]
Summary
The concept of the smart city is increasingly used to refer to the integration of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in the urban environment. The explosive growth in low-consumption mobile devices, and batteries, which initially contributed to their launch, has since become a brake on their development, because of maintenance problems (refill or replacement) associated with them This is even more problematic when the sensor nodes are deployed in hard-to-reach places or intended to operate for much longer duration (for instance, years) following their deployment. Unlike primary sources that show an intermittent character depending on the seasons (wind, sun, heat), operation of the mechanical machinery (vibrations), time (internal light), and electromagnetic waves show a more constant presence in light of the extension of telecommunications systems Applications such as the Internet of the Things (IoT) allow for the incorporation of several sensor nodes into the same building, which enables presence detection, and monitoring of light, temperature, and other environmental conditions [9].
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