Abstract
This paper aims at the assessment of the sectoral/regional partial participation in the global warming coalition applying the Multiregional and Multisectoral Dynamic Energy-Economic Model THERESIA based on GTAP database, dealing with 15 world regions and 12 non-energy industry sectors and 7 energy sectors to assess the middle- to long-term global warming policies. This study consists of the following three steps: Firstly, I distribute the carbon emission of power generation sector to the consumer and the generator according to the conversion efficiency, i.e., the generator is responsible for (1.0 − efficiency)*(total carbon emission) and the consumer is for the rest. Secondly, based on the above carbon emission allocation, the carbon emission of the certain industry is embodied in the products. Thus, indirect carbon trading embodied in the commodities can be calculated. Finally, THERESIA simulations generate and compare the outcomes of regional/sectoral participation where (1) only iron and steel industry, chemical industry and power generation industry participate, (2) only ANNEX-I regions in Kyoto protocol participate in the warming coalition, and (3) there are other various participation scenarios. The simulation results suggest that (1) this method clearly shows the indirect carbon emission embodied in the production structure reflecting the difference in the energy supply structure, (2) the carbon emission accounting method influences the international industry structure and GDP losses under the global carbon emission policies, and (3) when carbon emission is embodied in the products, indirect “carbon export” often exceeds the “carbon import” embodied in the commodities in the OECD regions.
Highlights
Uniform carbon tax and cap-and-trade system are the first choices according to theKyoto protocol when the policy makers consider the carbon control policies
The purpose of this study shares the concept of the above Corporate Value Chain Scope 3, even if this deals with the emissions of the certain production system while this study focuses on the macroeconomic impacts of carbon emission policies
I described a method to evaluate the partial participation in terms of “region” and “sector.” The allocation of carbon emission between energy conversion sector and consumers is shown
Summary
Uniform carbon tax and cap-and-trade system are the first choices according to the. Kyoto protocol when the policy makers consider the carbon control policies. Peters and Hertwich (2008) proposed the procedure to embody the energy consumptions in the international trade based on the multiregional input–output tables (MRIO) They define the consumption-based emission inventory as the total emissions occurring from economic consumption within a country r as follows: frcons = frprod − fre + frm = frprod − frBEET (3). In order to account and allocate the greenhouse gas emissions in the global supply chains, this report proposes emission accounting standards involving three emission categories, i.e., direct emissions as Scope 1 including emissions from operations that are owned or controlled by the reporting company, Scope 2 including emissions from the generation of purchased or acquired electricity, steam, heating or cooling consumed by the reporting company and Scope 3 including all indirect emissions (not included in scope 2) that occur in the value chain of the reporting company, including both upstream and downstream emissions. An expansion of the integrate assessment model THERESIA—Toward Holistic Economy, Resource and Energy Structure for Integrated Assessment, developed by the authors (Mori et al 2011) is employed for the numerical calculation
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