Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHX) has been incorporated into the composition of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dental restorations to enhance their antimicrobial performance. However, the controlled delivery of CHX remains a challenge. Although previous findings with pure silica or polymer coatings demonstrated the resistance to bacterial adhesion, they did not provide antibacterial activity beyond the coated surface. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are widely used in biomedical science as a transfer medium in drug delivery systems. Here, the MSNs are used to encapsulate CHX, and the combination is added to PDMS. A thin coating film is formed on the PMMA, using oxygen plasma and thermal treatment. The liquid chromatography analysis shows that the coating film has high encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity, with a slow and stable release rate of CHX. The cytotoxicity tests also show that the coating does not affect the proinflammatory cytokines, cellular mitotic activity, or apoptotic cell death. The ability of the coating to release CHX indicates that the coating may even be effective against bacteria that are not directly in contact with the surface. This antibacterial protective film is expected to be a novel method to inhibit bacterial activity distal to the coated surfaces of PMMA restorations.
Highlights
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a biocompatible and nondegradable acrylic resin that has frequently been used as a restorative material in the medical and dental fields due to its ease of manipulation, acceptable aesthetics, and high cost-effectiveness [1]
The EE was 25.22%, indicating that when the ratio between CHX and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) was set to 1:1, and 1 mg CHX was added into the MSNs, 0.2522 mg of CHX was encapsulated in the CHX@MSN nanoparticles
The Loading Capacity (LC) was determined as 63.04%, indicating that every 1 mg of CHX@MSN nanoparticles added to the coating solution contained approximately 0.63 mg CHX
Summary
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a biocompatible and nondegradable acrylic resin that has frequently been used as a restorative material in the medical and dental fields due to its ease of manipulation, acceptable aesthetics, and high cost-effectiveness [1]. During clinical adjustment and clinical service, these micropores can be exposed on the surface due to the abrasive wear of the restorations, potentially becoming niches and incubation chambers for bacteria [5]. MSNs have several advantages, including superior physicochemical properties, excellent biocompatibility, cost-effectiveness, and high loading capacity for various biomolecules, due to their high porosity [14,15,16,17]. Previous reports have suggested that MSNs have the potential for clinical use as drug nanocarriers in dental biomaterials [14,18]. PMMA incorporated with amphotericin B-loaded MSNs was reported to provide a long-term antibacterial effect up to 14 days [18]
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