A negative correlation between trait and mate preference in Xiphophorus pygmaeus

Abstract

Variation in female mating preferences was compared with variation in male traits across populations of Xiphophorus pygmaeus. Females of this species prefer the large courting males of X. nigrensisto their own small, non-courting males. It was predicted that if large, courting X. pygmaeusmales were to occur, they would be preferred. The discovery, distribution and subsequent spread, of large X. pygmaeusmales provided an unusual opportunity to analyse how sexual selection might act on a trait not currently fixed in a species. The present study showed variation between populations in female preference for large male body size that was negatively correlated with the presence of large males. This variation in preference persisted over a 5-year period. Female preference for larger body size and courtship are evolutionarily decoupled from the male traits of large size and courtship in X. pygmaeus. This pattern is not consistent with indirect selection models (e.g. runaway selection), which predict that female mating preferences and male traits evolve in concert due to a genetic correlation between preference and trait.