A near infrared light-triggerable modular formulation for the delivery of small biomolecules

Vitor Francisco,Lino Ferreira,Miguel Lino

doi:10.1186/s12951-019-0530-y

Abstract

BackgroundExternally triggered drug delivery systems hold considerable promise for improving the treatment of many diseases, in particular, diseases where the spatial–temporal release of the drug is critical to maximize their biological effect whilst minimizing undesirable, off-target, side effects.ResultsHerein, we developed a light-triggerable formulation that takes advantage of host–guest chemistry to complex drugs functionalized with a guest molecule and release it after exposure to near infrared (NIR) light due to the disruption of the non-covalent host–guest interactions. The system is composed by a gold nanorod (AuNR), which generates plasmonic heat after exposure to NIR, a thin layer of hyaluronic acid immobilized to the AuNR upon functionalization with a macrocycle, cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]), and a drug functionalized with a guest molecule that interacts with the macrocycle. For proof of concept, we have used this formulation for the intracellular release of a derivative of retinoic acid (RA), a molecule known to play a key role in tissue development and homeostasis as well as during cancer treatment. We showed that the formulation was able to conjugate approximately 65 μg of RA derivative per mg of CB[6] @AuNR and released it within a few minutes after exposure to a NIR laser. Importantly, the bioactivity of RA released from the formulation was demonstrated in a reporter cell line expressing luciferase under the control of the RA receptor.ConclusionsThis NIR light-triggered supramolecular-based modular platform holds great promise for theranostic applications.

Highlights

Intracellular delivery of biomolecules is quintessential for the modulation of cellular processes, cellular reprogramming and gene editing [1, 2]
The degree of CB[6] substitution (DS) in the polymer was determined by 1H NMR (Additional file 1: Figure S1) and the results showed a degree of CB[6] substitution (DS) of 8 ± 1 mol % of CB[6] in hyaluronic acid (HA), as calculated by the integration of the polymer acetoamido signal and the CB[6] signals between 5.25 and 6.0 ppm
To investigate the amount of CB[6] HA polymer required for conjugation, we conducted the reaction with different ratios of polymer to AuNRs, ranging from 500 to 50.000, while the concentration of AuNRs was maintained constant (Additional file 1: Figure S2A)

Summary

Results

We developed a light-triggerable formulation that takes advantage of host–guest chemistry to complex drugs functionalized with a guest molecule and release it after exposure to near infrared (NIR) light due to the disruption of the non-covalent host–guest interactions. We have used this formulation for the intracellular release of a derivative of retinoic acid (RA), a molecule known to play a key role in tissue development and homeostasis as well as during cancer treatment. We showed that the formulation was able to conjugate approximately 65 μg of RA derivative per mg of CB[6] @AuNR and released it within a few minutes after exposure to a NIR laser. The bioactivity of RA released from the formulation was demonstrated in a reporter cell line expressing luciferase under the control of the RA receptor

Introduction

Results and discussion

Conclusions