A near-infrared fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift for the detection and imaging of biothiols in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract

In this study, a new near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent turn-on probe featuring a large Stokes shift (198nm) was developed for the detection of biothiols. The probe was based on a dicyanoisophorone derivative serving as the fluorophore and a 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl (DNBS) group functioning as both a recognition site and a fluorescence quencher. In the absence of biothiols, the fluorescence of the probe was low due to the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) effect between the fluorophore and DNBS. Upon the presence of biothiols, the DNBS group underwent a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction with the sulfhydryl group of biothiols, leading to the release of the fluorophore and a notable emission peak at 668nm. This developed probe exhibited exceptional selectivity and sensitivity to biothiols in solution, with an impressive detection limit of 28nM for cysteine (Cys), 22nM for homocysteine (Hcy), and 24nM for glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, the probe demonstrated its applicability by successfully visualizing both endogenous and exogenous biothiols in living systems.