Abstract
Introduction In this study, a national survey was carried out to measure the Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in human milk to investigate the temporal trend from 2007 to 2011 as well as the possible contamination source in China. Methods A multistage random cluster sampling method was applied to select sampling sites. First, all provinces of China were classified into northern area and southern area according to geographical attribute and resident dietary pattern. Then, eight provinces were randomly sampled from each area. One urban site and two rural sites were selected in each province. 50 donors were selected in each urban area and 30 donors in each rural area following the ‘Guideline for Developing a National Protocol’ of the Fourth WHO-Coordinated Survey of Human milk for Persistent Organic Pollutants in Cooperation with UNEP’. Finally, a total of 1760 milk samples were obtained in 2011. The analysis of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in human milk samples were followed the US EPA method 1613 and 1668A. Results The concentration of total TEQ, ∑PCDD/Fs-TEQ and ∑dl-PCBs-TEQ was 4.9 ± 2.0, 1.8 ± 1.0 and 6.7 ± 2.8 pg TEQ g-1 lipid, respectively. By comparison with previous study in 2007, there is significant difference of total TEQ, and ∑PCDD/Fs-TEQ (p<0.05), but not for dl-PCBs. The average concentration of total TEQ and ∑PCDD/Fs-TEQ increased of 27.1% and 32.6%, respectively. By the principal component analysis, congener profiles of PCDD/Fs in human milk from schistosomiasis regions were similar with that from a typical area with Na-PCP spray, but not for E-waste recycling area. Conclusion The observation of increase in PCDD/Fs in human milk during the period of 2007-2011 indicates the nationalwidely increasing emission of PCDD/Fs in China for the first time. Besides, the human exposure to PCDD/Fs partly attributes to the application of Na-PCP in some regions of China.
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