A narrative review of risk mitigation strategies in the management of opioids for chronic pain and palliative care in older adults: interprofessional collaboration with the pharmacist.

Abstract

The prevalence of chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) in older adults is high. Opioids carry significant risk for harm in older adults. Yet, many older adults are established on long-term opioid therapy for the treatment of CNCP despite limited documented efficacy. Many of the non-opioid options to treat pain present challenges in this population. Since challenges with tapering patients off of opioids exist, older adults may remain established on long-term opioid therapy for CNCP. While opioid use is less scrutinized for older adults receiving palliative care, significant safety concerns exist. Therefore, efforts to mitigate risks for older adults receiving long-term opioids for CNCP and for palliative care are essential. Pharmacists as members of the interprofessional team are equipped to improve safety among older adults on chronic opioid therapy. Among patients receiving palliative care, collaboration with palliative care specialists is also key. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe risk mitigation strategies for opioid use among older adults with CNCP and those receiving palliative care. Data were identified by searching PubMed (January 1, 1990 to February 21, 2024) using the following search terms: older adults, opioids, chronic pain, palliative care, and pharmacist. The search was repeated using terms geriatric, elderly, opiates, narcotics, and controlled substances. Non-English articles and observational studies with fewer than 100 patients were excluded. Major North American and European guidelines were reviewed. Additional literature was obtained through review of relevant references of identified articles. A variety of risk mitigation strategies to improve safety for older adults using opioids exist. They include risk assessment, tapering opioids, reducing high-risk concomitant medications, utilizing non-opioid therapies, screening for and treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD), toxicology testing, co-prescribing naloxone, utilizing controlled substance agreements, reviewing prescription drug monitoring program data, prescriber and patient education, and collaboration with pharmacists and palliative care specialists. There are many opioid risk mitigation strategies for older adults. Collaboration with pharmacists and palliative care specialists can be an effective means for implementing strategies to optimize opioid safety for older adults with CNCP and those receiving palliative care.