Abstract
Current cranial repair techniques combine the use of autologous bone grafts and biomaterials. In addition to their association with harvesting morbidity, autografts are often limited by insufficient quantity of bone stock. Biomaterials lead to better outcomes, but their effectiveness is often compromised by the unpredictable lack of integration and structural failure. Bone tissue engineering offers the promising alternative of generating constructs composed of instructive biomaterials including cells or cell-secreted products, which could enhance the outcome of reconstructive treatments. This review focuses on cell-based approaches with potential to regenerate calvarial bone defects, including human studies and preclinical research. Further, we discuss strategies to deliver extracellular matrix, conditioned media and extracellular vesicles derived from cell cultures. Recent advances in 3D printing and bioprinting techniques that appear to be promising for cranial reconstruction are also discussed. Finally, we review cell-based gene therapy approaches, covering both unregulated and regulated gene switches that can create spatiotemporal patterns of transgenic therapeutic molecules. In summary, this review provides an overview of the current developments in cell-based strategies with potential to enhance the surgical armamentarium for regenerating cranial vault defects.
Highlights
The craniofacial region is an anatomically complex set of bone, cartilage, blood vessels, soft tissues and nerves
Bone tissue engineering offers the promising alternative of generating constructs composed of biomaterials including cells and/or growth factors that could enhance the outcome of reconstructive treatments [53]
Bone tissue engineering offers the promising alternative of generating constructs, composed of biomaterials including cells and/or growth factors that can enhance the outcome of reconstructive treatments
Summary
Falguera Uceda 1,2,† , Silvia Sánchez-Casanova 1,3,† , Clara Escudero-Duch 1,3 and Nuria Vilaboa 1,3, *. Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Cirugía Maxilofacial Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
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