A Narrative Review Evaluation of Resistance Antibiotics used in Pneumonia

Abstract

Background: According to the World Health Organization, lower respiratory tract infection such as pneumonia is in the category of ten leading causes of death in global. Many antibiotics used as the first-line treatment for pneumonia, such as penicillin and cephalosporins, are reported to be resistant. This review aimed to evaluate the resistance of antibiotics used for the treatment of pneumonia in order to provide information about antibiotic resistance. Thus, it can be a consideration for choosing the right antibiotic. Method: This paper was reviewed from previous research on antibiotic resistance used for the treatment of pneumonia using a search engine on the PubMed and Science Direct databases from 2011 to 2021. The articles assessed reported resistance from various classes of antibiotics such as macrolides, quinolones, carbapenems and aminoglycosides based on inclusion criteria. and exclusion. Result: Of the 19 articles included in the inclusion criteria, they were reported about resistance to macrolides that they found A2063G mutations in the 23S rRNA gene, quinolones resistance was found to be gyrA and ParC mutations, carbapenems resistance was assessed by high MIC and found in the blaOXA-51, blaOXA-23 and blaNDM- genes as the gene encoding the lactamase enzyme and porin mutation. Resistance to aminoglycosides found AAC (6′)-Ib mutations on the 16S rRNA gene. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, generally all classes of antibiotics used to treat pneumonia are resistant. To overcome antibiotic resistance, the use of combination antibiotics and increased doses are prescribed.