Abstract
Parthenium hysterophorus is an invasive weed species that competes aggressively with other plants and is also allelopathic. It poses a significant risk to human health, livestock, the environment, soil, and agriculture. However, given some clinical studies, its potential for antidiabetic, antioxidant, antitumor, herbicidal, pesticidal, and antimalarial therapies should be researched further in attempts to discover more relevant applications. It can be used as a nutrient-dense, readily available, and cheap fertilizer. Parthenium can also be used as an herbicide, an insecticide, and a phyto-remedial mediator to extract metals and dyes from agricultural waste. Here we provide basic information on the morphology, reproduction, environmental impacts, and management of this species. Effects of methanol, ethanol, hexane, acetone, and aqueous (water) Parthenium extracts are described. Because P. hysterophorus is said to be one of the world’s seven worst weeds, some control measures, including mechanical, chemical, cultural, and biological control, are discussed. The allelopathy of this weed is difficult to regulate, and there are both positive and negative interactions between Parthenium and other species due to allelochemical action. Several toxic phenolic compounds produced by P. hysterophorus are responsible for weed suppression, and we discuss details of their mode of action and potential applications.
Highlights
Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is a weed that produces many seeds and has spread widely throughout Asia and other areas beyond its native range in Central and South America and the southern USA
The first major objective of this study is to provide background information on the Parthenium weed, including its characteristics, reproduction, and benefits and drawbacks
Our second major objective is to review the effects of P. hysterophorus on human health and how to treat them, its herbicidal effects using various solvents, allelopathic effects, the mechanisms of action involved in allelopathy, and the economic benefits of Parthenium
Summary
Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is a weed that produces many seeds and has spread widely throughout Asia and other areas beyond its native range in Central and South America and the southern USA. The spread of its seeds depends on water supply, livestock, and machinery movement It has other common names, such as Santa Maria feverfew; bitter weed, which refers to the herbal flowering plant; and (sometimes) carrot grass. According to Bajwa et al [7], this toxic, aggressive species is one of the worst weeds worldwide This weed is responsible for multi-million-dollar losses in Australia and is considered a harmful crop in more than 45 countries [8,9]. This plant is harmful to agriculture and is a major factor in multiple human diseases. Our second major objective is to review the effects of P. hysterophorus on human health and how to treat them, its herbicidal effects using various solvents, allelopathic effects, the mechanisms of action involved in allelopathy, and the economic benefits of Parthenium
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