Abstract
Small non-coding RNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs) have been recently recognized as important regulators of gene expression. MicroRNAs play myriads of roles in physiological processes as well as in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases by translational repression or mRNA destabilization of numerous target genes. The miR-106b-25 cluster is highly conserved in vertebrates and consists of three members including miR-106b, miR-93 and miR-25. MiR-106b and miR-93 share the same seed sequences; however, miR-25 has only a similar seed sequence resulting in different predicted target mRNAs. In this review, we specifically focus on the role of miR-25 in healthy and diseased conditions. Many of miR-25 target mRNAs are involved in biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, calcium handling, etc. Therefore, it is no surprise that miR-25 has been reported as a key regulator of common cancerous and non-cancerous diseases. MiR-25 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, tubulointerstitial nephropathy, asthma bronchiale, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, etc. MiR-25 is also a well-described oncogenic miRNA playing a crucial role in the development of many tumor types including brain tumors, lung, breast, ovarian, prostate, thyroid, oesophageal, gastric, colorectal, hepatocellular cancers, etc. In this review, our aim is to discuss the translational therapeutic role of miR-25 in common diseased conditions based on relevant basic research and clinical studies.
Highlights
MicroRNAs and their biogenesis almost 85% of the human genome is known to be transcribed [1, 2], only 2% of the genome codes for proteins
The abbreviations in bold are considered as gold standard methods for miRNA target validation
We have shown that both overexpression and repression of miR-25 could result in the development of different diseases (Figure 5)
Summary
MicroRNAs and their biogenesis almost 85% of the human genome is known to be transcribed [1, 2], only 2% of the genome codes for proteins. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are a dominating class of small noncoding RNAs in most somatic tissues [3, 4] They are approximately 21-25 nucleotide in length and their major function is to mediate post-transcriptional gene silencing [3, 4]. The produced pre-microRNAs are double-stranded and approximately 70 nucleotide in length, and have a terminal loop [4,5,6] (Figure 1) These pre-miRNAs are subsequently transported to the cytoplasm by exportin-5 where their terminal loops are cleaved by another RNase III enzyme (DICER) to form a small RNA (miR-miR*) duplex [4,5,6] (Figure 1). MiRNAs may act as fine tuners or as on/off switches of gene expression [9, 10] (Figure 1)
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