Abstract
As society has experiences new modes of mobility in recent years, cities have planned to increase their energy efficiency as a way of reducing environmental impacts and promoting economic development. However, governments face difficulties in establishing mechanisms to determine the best actions in the management of urban mobility regarding energy efficiency and to elaborate a ranking of cities based on energy efficiency in order to better allocate resources. This is due to the complex nature of obtaining a wide range of activity and energy data from a single municipality, especially in data-scarce regions. This paper develops and applies a model for estimating the energy efficiency of urban mobility that is applicable to different contexts and backgrounds. The main contribution of the article is the use of a multitier approach to compare and adjust outputs, considering different transport configurations and data sets. The results indicate that variations in vehicle occupancy and individual motorized transport rates have a significant impact on energy efficiency, which reached 0.70 passenger-kilometers/MJ in Sorocaba, Brazil. However, as the use of electric vehicles increases in this city, this scenario is expected to change. Additionally, the method has been proven to be an important mechanism for benchmarking purposes and for the decision-making process for transport investments.
Highlights
The global urban population has expanded at an accelerated pace over the past century, and it is expected to grow even further in the future
In Brazil, gasoline is blended with 27% of anhydrous ethanol, while diesel is currently blended with 10% of biodiesel
In Brazil, gasoline is blended with 27% of anhydrous etha1n0oolf, 18 while diesel is currently blended with 10% of biodiesel)
Summary
The global urban population has expanded at an accelerated pace over the past century, and it is expected to grow even further in the future. In 1950, 30% of world’s population lived in urban areas, while currently the share is 54% [1,2]. Prospective scenarios estimate that 68% of the world’s population will live in urban areas by 2050 [3]. About 80% of the European and North American populations live in urban areas [4,5]. In countries such as Brazil and Argentina this proportion reaches 84% and 92%, respectively [3]
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