Abstract
Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) are electron carriers that play important roles in a wide range of metabolic activities and mitochondrial functions in eukaryotic cells. NADH and FAD are naturally fluorescent with distinct illumination/emission wavelengths for selective detection. Their autofluorescence is also sensitive to protein binding and local environment. As a result, these intracellular coenzymes have potential as intrinsic biomarkers for a noninvasive imaging of metabolic activities and oxidation–reduction reactions in living cells either in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. This chapter highlights recent findings of these coenzymes as natural biomarkers of metabolic and mitochondrial activities with an emphasis on a multiparametric imaging approach.
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