Abstract
ObjectivesThis is the first investigation of dietary practices amongst multiple early medieval populations (AD 500–1000) from Wales and the Isle of Man using carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur isotope analysis. The analysis will illuminate similarities or differences between the diets and subsistence strategies of populations occupying different geographical regions, specifically those living in marginal coastal regions in comparison to inland populations well‐connected to ecclesiastical centres and high‐status settlements.Materials and MethodsOne hundred and two human skeletons were sampled for carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, and 69 human skeletons were sampled for sulphur isotope analysis from nine cemetery sites from western Britain (Isle of Man = 3, southwest Wales = 4, southeast Wales = 2). Thirteen faunal skeletons from St Patrick's Chapel (southwest Wales) were sampled for carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur isotope analysis.ResultsHuman δ13C values range from −19.4‰ to −21.2‰ (δ13C mean=−20.4 ±0.4‰, 1σ, n = 86), and δ15N values range from 9.1‰ to 13.8‰ (δ15N mean = 10.8 ± 0.9‰, 1σ, n = 86). δ34S values range from 1.2‰ to 18.4‰ (δ34S mean = 11.6 ± 4.5‰, 1σ, n = 66). Significant differences were noted between the mean δ13C, δ15N and δ34S values according to geographic region: Isle of Man (δ13C = −20.7 ± 0.4‰, δ15N = 11.4 ±0.6‰, n = 13/86; δ34S mean = 17.1 ±0.6, n = 4/66), southwest Wales (δ13C = −20.5 ± 0.4‰, δ15N = 11.0 ±1‰, n = 32/86; δ34S = 16.1 ± 2.1, n = 21/66), and southeast Wales (δ13C =−20.3 ±0.4‰, δ15N = 10.4 ±0.7‰, n = 41/86; δ34S= 8.8 ±3‰, n = 41/66). Faunal δ13C values range from −23.1‰ to −21.2‰ (δ13C mean= −22.1 ±0.5‰, 1σ, n = 13), and δ15N values range from 6.3‰ to 9.8‰ (δ15N mean = 7.3 ± 1.1‰, 1σ, n = 13). δ34S values range from 4.7‰ to 18.4‰ (δ34S mean= 16.3 ± 3.6‰, 1σ, n = 13).ConclusionsThe data reveal a reliance on terrestrial protein, however differences are observed between the resource consumption of populations from southwest Wales and the Isle of Man in comparison to the populations from southeast Wales. Populations from the west coast have a marine sulphur signature that reflects their coastal proximity and may also include a reliance on seaweed as a fertiliser/food source. Populations in the southeast were connected to ecclesiastical centres and high‐status settlements and had access to inland‐grown produce. The data add support to the suggestion that δ34S can be used as a mobility indicator.
Highlights
The reconstruction of diet amongst early medieval (5th–11th century AD) populations from Britain has, to date, focused on Anglo-Saxon populations from England
Significant differences were noted between the mean d13C, d15N and d34S values according to geographic region: Isle of Man (d13C 5 220.7 6 0.4&, d15N 5 11.4 60.6&, n 5 13/86; d34S mean 5 17.1 60.6, n 5 4/66), southwest Wales (d13C 5 220.5 6 0.4&, d15N 5 11.0 61&, n 5 32/86; d34S 5 16.1 6 2.1, n 5 21/66), and southeast Wales (d13C 5220.3 60.4&, d15N 5 10.4 60.7&, n 5 41/86; d34S5 8.8 63&, n 5 41/66)
The data reveal a reliance on terrestrial protein, differences are observed between the resource consumption of populations from southwest Wales and the Isle of Man in comparison to the populations from southeast Wales
Summary
The reconstruction of diet amongst early medieval (5th–11th century AD) populations from Britain has, to date, focused on Anglo-Saxon populations from England. One of the earliest studies undertaken over a decade ago applied carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis to the early Anglo-Saxon cemetery population of Berinsfield, Oxfordshire, and sought to investigate a correlation between diet and status (Privat & O’Connell, 2001). Mays and Beavan (2012) collated carbon and nitrogen isotope data for 76 individuals from 18 early Anglo-Saxon cemeteries from England to investigate whether access to dietary resources was determined by the geographical location of the populations (i.e., inland, coastal, riverine), or the age or sex of the individuals. Increasingly being applied to such studies and can offer further insight into palaeodietary reconstruction and, potentially, to mobility studies (Richards, Fuller, & Hedges, 2001; Nehlich et al, 2011, p. 4964)
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