Abstract

The resuscitation of polytrauma with hemorrhagic shock and traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a balance between permissive hypotension and maintaining vital organ perfusion. There is no current optimal solution. This study tested whether a multifunctional resuscitation cocktail supporting hemostasis and perfusion could mitigate blood loss while improving vital organ blood flow during prolonged limited resuscitation. Anesthetized Yorkshire swine were subjected to fluid percussion TBI, femur fracture, catheter hemorrhage, and aortic tear. Fluid resuscitation was started when lactate concentration reached 3–4 mmol/L. Animals were randomized to one of five groups. All groups received hydroxyethyl starch solution and vasopressin. Low- and high-dose fibrinogen (FBG) groups additionally received 100 and 200 mg/kg FBG, respectively. A third group received TXA and low-dose FBG. Two control groups received albumin, with one also including TXA. Animals were monitored for up to 6 h. Blood loss was decreased and vital organ blood flow was improved with low- and high-dose fibrinogen compared to albumin controls, but survival was not improved. There was no additional benefit of high- vs. low-dose FBG on blood loss or survival. TXA alone decreased blood loss but had no effect on survival, and combining TXA with FBG provided no additional benefit. Pooled analysis of all groups containing fibrinogen vs. albumin controls found improved survival, decreased blood loss, and improved vital organ blood flow with fibrinogen delivery. In conclusion, a low-volume resuscitation cocktail consisting of hydroxyethyl starch, vasopressin, and fibrinogen concentrate improved outcomes compare to controls during limited resuscitation of polytrauma.

Highlights

  • The leading causes of death from trauma are traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhage [1,2]

  • Intraperitoneal blood loss was significantly decreased with Low-dose fibrinogen (LF) and High-dose fibrinogen (HF) compared to Albumin control (AC)

  • The addition of fibrinogen concentrates to a low-volume resuscitation cocktail containing hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and vasopressin can improve survival and reduce blood loss during limited-volume resuscitation of polytrauma with TBI

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Summary

Introduction

The leading causes of death from trauma are traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhage [1,2]. The goals of resuscitation for TBI and hemorrhagic shock (HS) are seemingly at odds during prolonged damage control resuscitation (pDCR). HS is best managed with limited-volume resuscitation to minimize blood loss and promote hemostasis [3]. TBI worsens with hypotension in a time- and dose-dependent manner [4]. This challenge is substantiated by the finding that trauma patients with combined HS and TBI suffer higher mortality and worsened coagulopathy than those with HS alone [5]. Current strategies employed in the United States military’s Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC)

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