Abstract

HighlightsA simple and scalable fabricated hydrogel with multiple functionalities to realize self-sustainable outdoor monitoring solely by it for large-scale applications in precision agriculture.Stable direct-current output without requirement on stochastic or temporal environmental energies, achieving an energy density of 1.36 × 107 J m–3 with continuous operation of 56.25 days in normal outdoor environment.Self-powered noninvasive leaf relative water content monitoring and environmental sensing to evaluate plant health status with high durability and self-recoverability in severe environments.

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